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The theory of evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in…

A

1859

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2
Q

Darwin made four key observations about the world around him
Observations:
1) Organisms produce more…

A

offspring than survive

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3
Q

Darwin made four key observations about the world around him
Observations:
2)There’s variation in the characteristics of members of the same…

A

species

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4
Q

Darwin made four key observations about the world around him
Observations:
3 )Some of these characteristics can be…

A

passed on from one generation to the next.

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5
Q

Darwin made four key observations about the world around him
Observations:
4) Individuals that are BEST ADAPTED to…

A

their environment are more likely to survive.

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6
Q

Darwin wrote his theory of evolution by natural selection to explain his observations:
Theory:
1) Individuals within a population SHOW VARIATION in…

A

their phenotypes (their characteristics)

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7
Q

Darwin wrote his theory of evolution by natural selection to explain his observations:
Theory:
2) Selection pressures (environmental factors such as predation, disease and competition) create a…

A

struggle for survival.

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8
Q

Darwin wrote his theory of evolution by natural selection to explain his observations:
Theory:
3) Individuals with better adaptions (characteristics that give a selection advantage, e.g. being able to run away from preadators faster) are more likely…

A

to SURVIVE and have reproductive success - in other words, they reproduce and pass on their advantageous adaptions to their offsprings.

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9
Q

Darwin wrote his theory of evolution by natural selection to explain his observations:
Theory:
4) Over time, the proportion of the population possessing the advantageous adaptions…

A

increases.

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10
Q

Darwin wrote his theory of evolution by natural selection to explain his observations:
Theory:
5) Over generations this leads to EVOLTION as the…

A

favourable adaptions become more common in the population.

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11
Q

We now know that GENES determine many of an organism’s characteristics and that individuals show variation in their…

A

Phenotypes partly as a result of GENETIC VARIATION, i.e the different alleles they have.

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12
Q

When an organism with advantageous characteristics REPRODUCES, the …

A

ALLELES that determines those characteristics may be passed to its offspring.

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13
Q

Wallace contributed to the theory of ….

A

evolution

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14
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace, a scientist working at the SAME TIME as Darwin, played an important role in developing the …

A

theory of evolution byu natural selection.

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15
Q

Wallace INDEPENDENTLY came up with the idea of …

A

natual selection and wrote to Darwin about it.

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16
Q

Wallace and Darwin PUBLISHED their papers on evolution together and …

A

and acknowledge each others work - although they didn’t always AGREE with the mechanisms involved in natural selection.

17
Q

Wallace’s observation provides lot’s of EVIDENCE to SUPPORT the theory of evolution by natural selection. For example,…

A

he realised the WARNING COLOURS are used by some species (e.g. butterflies) to deter predators from eating them and this was an example of ADVANTAGEOUS ADAPTION that had evolved by natural selection.

18
Q

Unfortunately for Wallace, it wasn’t until Darwin published his famous book …

A

‘ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES’ that other SCIENTIST began to pay attention to the theory

19
Q

In this book Darwin gave lots of EVIDENCE to support the theory and expanded on it. For example example,..

A

he wrote about all the SPECIES that he had observed during his VOYAGE to South America and Galapogas Islands in the 1830’s.

20
Q

The book ‘Origin of species’ is why Darwin is usually better remembered than Wallace - …

A

even though WALLACE HELPED to come up with the theory.

21
Q

Fossils are the REMAINS of …

A

organisms PRESERVED IN ROCKS.

22
Q

By arranging fossils in chronological (date) order, GRADUAL CHANGES in …

A

organisms can be observed that provide EVIDENCE of evolution.

23
Q

An example of fossil evidence that provide evidence of evolution is the fossil record of…

A

the horse, which shows GRADUAL CHANGE in characteristics, including increasing SIZE and HOOF development.

24
Q

The theory of evolution suggest that all organisms have EVOLVED…

A

from shared COOM ANCESTORS.

25
Q

Closely related species DIVEREGED (evolved to become different species) …

A

more recently.

26
Q

Evolution is caused by GRADUAL CHANGES in the …

A

BASE SEQUENCE of an organisms DNA.

27
Q

Organisms that diverged away from each other more recently…

A

should have MORE similar DNA, as LESS TIME has passed for changes in the DNA sequence to occur.

28
Q

An example of species that have have divereged recently and more further apart.

A

Humans,chimps and mice all evolved from a common ancestor.

Humans and mice diverged a LONG TIME AGO, but humans and chimps diverged quite recently.

The DNA BASE SEQUENCES of humans and chimps is 94% the same, but human and mouse DNA is only 85% the same.

29
Q

In eukaryotes, most DNA is found in the cell nucleus . But scientists don’t just analyse NUCLEAR DNA to find out about EVOLUTIONARY REALTIONSHIPS.

Eukaryotic organisms also have DNA in their…

A

mitochondria so scientists can also look at DIFFERENCES in MITOCHONDRIA DNA to see how CLOSELY RELATED organisms are.

30
Q

Molecular evidence:

In addition to DNA, the similarities in other…

A

molecules provide evidence.

31
Q

Molecular evidence:

Scientists compare the SEQUENCE …

A

of AMINO ACIDS in PROTEINS, and compare ANTIBODIES.

32
Q

Organisms that divereged away from each other MORE RECENTLY have SIMILAR…

A

molecules as LESS TIME has passed for changes in proteins and other molecules to occur.

33
Q

Pesticide are chemicals that kill pests (e.g. insects that that damage crops). Scientists have observed the evolution of…

A

pesticide resistance in many species of insect.

34
Q

For example some populations of mosquitos have

A

evolved resistance to the pesticide DDT

35
Q

For example some populations of POLLEN BEETLES (which damage the crop oilseed rape) are …

A

resistant to pyrethroid pesticides.

36
Q

The evolution of PESTICIDE RESISTANCE can be explained by natural selection:

There is VARIATION in a population of insects. Genetic mutations create…

A

alleles that make some insects naturally resistant to a pestcide.

37
Q

The evolution of PESTICIDE RESISTANCE can be explained by natural selection:

If the population of insects are exposed to that pesticide only, the individuals with…

A

resistance will SURVIVE to REPRODUCE.

38
Q

The ALLELES which cause pesticide resistance will be …

A

passed onto the next generation, and so the population will evolve - more individuals will carry the allele than the previous generation.

Biology (18 decks)

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