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The Swing to the East Flashcards

1
Q

When was Anson’s voyage?

A

1740-44

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2
Q

When was James Cook’s first voyage?

A

1768-71

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3
Q

When was James Cook’s second voyage?

A

1772-75

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4
Q

When was James Cook’s third voyage?

A

1776-80

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5
Q

What was discovered in 1759?

A

A hydrographer of the East India Company founded a method of avoiding monsoons

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6
Q

When were the Falklands discovered?

A

1764

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7
Q

What speech was even in 1790?

A

Dundas’ speech on Nootka Sound

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8
Q

When was the Cape Town colony lost by the Dutch to the British?

A

1795

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9
Q

When was the British ownership of the Cape Town colony ratified officially?

A

1814

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10
Q

When did the Botany Bay colony expand to Tasmania?

A

1802

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11
Q

When did the government begin curbing the powers of the East India company?

A

1813

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12
Q

What became central to international trade in the 1840s?

A

Tea and opium

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13
Q

When did the quest for terra australis incognito end?

A

With the discovery of Antarctica in 1773

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14
Q

When was Australia first mapped out (albeit incorrectly)?

A

in 1521 by the Portuguese- only mapped the north-eastern coast

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15
Q

Why was the Portuguese discovery of Australia unpublished?

A

Due to it violating the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas in which the Pope split the world in two for Spain and Portugal.

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16
Q

What was discovered by British merchants in 1688?

A

Large iron ore deposits in Australia which prompted British interest.

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17
Q

Why was the quest for the terra australis incognito so drawn out?

A

Due to reluctancy towards travelling in the southern seas which were not only violent, but plagued with lawlessness. Not to mention the proximity to Europe

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18
Q

Why was Anson’s voyage so impacting to the Swing to the East?

A

Although Drake had already circumnavigated the globe, Anson’s voyage proved that Spain was not the sea power it had once been.

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19
Q

How did Anson’s voyage prove the declining power of Spain?

A

Certainly piracy, perceived as war, Anson commandeered a Spanish silver galleon ship under the Orders of Mark. He set off with 1500 men and 6 ships, returning with 500 men and 1 ship.

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20
Q

Why was the name of Cook’s ship so significant to the era?

A

The ship was named the Endeavour, to encourage Enlightenment principles and scientific discovery

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21
Q

Briefly outline James Cook’s first voyage (1768-71):

A

Used worlds most advanced clock for longitude calculations, improving navigation. Cook had secret orders from the Admiralty to map out Oceania

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22
Q

Who was the scientist travelling with Cook and what did he advocate for?

A

Banks, he advocated for the establishing of Southern Asian penal colonies hoping it would ease overcrowding.

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23
Q

How was the British colony in Botany Bay established as the leading Australian colony?

A

When a skirmish broke out with the French outpost (2 ships), the British outpost won (11 ships)

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24
Q

Briefly outline James Cook’s second voyage (1772-75):

A

Discovery of Antartica

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25
Briefly outline James Cook's third voyage (1776-80):
Quest for the north west passage failed. An 1800% profit from Cook's attempt at the cotton trade. Discovery of Nootka Sound and death of Cook.
26
What overcrowding solution did the penal colony Botany Bay replace?
Thames Hulks, Pitt encouraged independent traders with the East India company to transport former convicts
27
What became the principle Australian product?
Wool was grown in New South Wales and then transported back to England where there was a shortage
28
What two other products were grown, although less enthusiastically than wool, in the Australian colonies?
Flax for ship sails and pine trees for building
29
Why was the growth and transport of raw materials so efficient in Australia?
As many of the convicts were naval artisans
30
What were the three principle trading commodities of empire found in the eastern empire?
Wool tea and opium, other commodities were sourced from elsewhere
31
What is a significant quotation from Dundas' 1790 speech on Nootka Sound?
We are not contending for a few miles, but for a large world...
32
What rose in significance owing to late 1700s exploration and sample-taking?
The Royal Society became incredibly significant, it was headed by the scientist Banks
33
What significant about Banks' heading of the Royal Society?
Banks was an advocate for eastern expansion, for him to head the largest scientific organisation means a direction in scientific focus that benefits this cause
34
What was the primary role of traders in the swing to the east?
To establish outposts and notify governments of prosperous areas
35
What was the role of whalers in the swing to the east?
They carried out the business of the East India company
36
Who found large profits in the whaling industry and where?
Melville found large profitable areas for the whaling industry near Sydney harbour (then, not a city)
37
What did the presence of traders in the east mean for the legitimacy of British expansion?
It made the colonies more economically viable, whilst also acting as a mode of transportation with Britain
38
What did traders' international interaction mean for international relations?
Imperial competitions of prestige between various European empires (but also China and India) spawned from economic competition between traders with national allegiances
39
What were the two choices colonies had in the 1700s?
The choice of supporting British mercantilism with the Company and affiliated traders or of being under direct Imperialist rule.
40
Who claimed 1772-1786 to be the 'formative epoch of British Indian history'?
P. Roberts.
41
In what period was India consistently debated in parliament?
India was consistently debated in parliament 1772-1795.
42
Why was 1772-1786 supposedly the formative epoch of British Indian history?
Due to the increase in Company and state relations, Indian advancement, and the supreme government in Bengal.
43
When was the attack on Robert Clive? What was it?
1772. The parliamentary hearings on the Company's role in India turned into an interrogation of Clive's finances.
44
When was the Regulating Act passed? What was it?
The Regulating Act was passed in 1773. Lord North's attempt at overhauling Company management due to dire economic losses following American tea sales stopping in 1768.
45
When was the India Act passed? What was it?
The India Act was passed in 1784. Pitt the Younger established a board of control, court of directors, and joint crown government built on the Regulating Act.
46
Who claimed that in the 1767 Company Acts 'the state claimed its share of the Indian spoil'?
Sir Courtenay Ilbert, legal advisor to the Viceroy in early 20th century.
47
What was the annual sum paid by the company to the exchequer from 1768 on to maintain their monopoly?
£400,000, to compensate for American losses.
48
What did V. Harlow suggest about motivations for the Swing to the East?
V. Harlow alluded to the goal of 'puncturing' the trade monopoly held by the Spanish Empire.
49
What could be argued about British expansion into India?
India was not planned, but in a search for exotic goods and market Britain contradicted their own goals of trade without dominion.
50
How does V. Harlow coin the Swing to the East as being?
V. Harlow called the Swing to the East an 'economic invasion of the orient'.
51
What could we compare the role of the Cape of Good Hope to?
We could claim the Cape to be the Gibraltar of the Indian Ocean.
52
What, according to A. Webster, caused the apprehension and insecurity of imperialism to morph into overweening confidence?
The impact of Napoleonic expansion.
53
Who drove early expansionism according to A. Webster?
Hakluyt (1553-1613) arguably drove a commercial interest in overseas expansion and established successful societies.
54
Who suggested there to have been a world crisis 1780-1820?
C. Bayly, this was a profound change in ideologies and populism which created anxiety and eagerness in expansionism.
55
What does C. Bayly stress about state regulation in the Swing to the East?
There was an increase in state regulation in an attempt to avoid conflict and cut on expenses, yet there was also liberalisation of trade.
56
According to C. Bayly, what role did economics play in empire?
It reinforced the character of empire as a 'series of loosely linked aristocratic fiefdoms'.
57
When did the Company's monopoly of Chinese trade come to an end?
1834.
58
What underlined the Swing to the East? Who claimed this?
C. Bayly claimed that a 'paternalist philosophy' underlined imperialism in this era.
59
What did Lord Minto say regarding British involvement in the east?
his intent to 'purge the eastern side of the globe of every hostile or rival European establishment' and with 'patriotic zeal' bring wisdom and reason to Asia.
60
When is perceived to be the watershed between two British imperial experiments?
1770s.
61
When was the era of sustained exploration?
1763-83.
62
What does Narin claim the Botany Bay colony to be founded upon?
Narin claims Botany Bay to be based upon the 'most efficient and extensive exploration programme'.
63
Who claimed, regarding Botany Bay, that there needed to be a systematic development and permanent settlement?
Sir George Rose.
64
From when was there a desire to establish a penal colony in Australia?
From the 1785 Commons Committee, this was ratified by the 1786 petitions.
65
When was there a move to grow Flax in Botany Bay?
From the 1787-90 goals of the Board of Trade. Yet the Pitt ministry saw Australia as a penal colony only, not an economic asset.
66
What occurred from the American revolution on?
There was wariness towards establishing a colony properly due to constitutional crises interweaving commercial and political. A wish to preserve mercantilism dominated thought.
67
What do P. Marshall and G. Williams note about science?
Science was represented by the Royal Society, however was practically restricted by technology and mortality.
68
In what period was the Pacific viewed to be the domain of the Spanish Empire by the British?
1577-1739. (Until Anson's voyage).
69
From when was John Byron convinced of terra australis incognito?
June 1765 until the discovery of Antarctica.
70
How many miles of Australian coastline did James Cook chart?
James Cook charted over 5000 miles of Australian coastline.
71
What was significant about James Cook's second voyage?
No-one died of scurvy, where 3/4 of Anson's crew had. He was sponsored by the Earl of Sandwich and was ordered to chart his findings. Empirical observation replaced myth.
72
When was the quest for sperm whales?
1788, their oil was very expensive and sought after.
73
What was passed in 1786?
The Act for the Encouragement of the Southern Whale Fishery.
74
By 1790 how many British whalers are in the southern seas?
50
75
What was the state of Botany Bay by 1792?
The colony had 2500 cities and 1200 acres of government farm land.
76
What is a signifiant source for the Swing to the East's role in global politics and prestige?
H. Dundas on Nootka Sound: 'We are not contending for a few miles, but a large world'.

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