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CVR Lectures > The Structure Of The Upper Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

The Structure Of The Upper Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What portion of the respiratory tract is the nose?

A

Most superior portion

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • humidifies the temperature of the air
  • filter function
  • defence function (cilia take inhaled particulates backwards to be swallowed)
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3
Q

Where do the anterior nares (nostrils) open into?

A

The vestibule (area just inside the nostril that leads to the nasal cavity:
- skin lined
- stiff hairs

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4
Q

How is the surface area of the nose increased?

A
  • Doubled by turbinates (small structures / pockets which increases SA so as much air can be humidified before it reaches the alveolus
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5
Q

What do turbinates create?

A
  • superior meatus (The superior meatus is an air passage of the lateral nasal cavity located between the superior nasal concha and lateral nasal wall):
    -olfactory
    -epithelium
    -cribriform plate
  • sphenoid sinus

Middle meatus:
- sinus openings

Inferior meatus:
- nasolacrimal duct

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6
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses pneumatised?

A
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid bones
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7
Q

How are the paranasal sinuses arranged?

A

In pairs

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8
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do?

A
  • evaginate (turn inside out) the mucous membranes from the nasal cavity
  • resinates sounds to project it (talking). Works with the voice box
  • sinuses are full of mucous same as nasal cavity just an extra space
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9
Q

Where are the frontal sinuses located?

A
  • Within the frontal bone
  • Midline septum
  • Over orbit and across the superciliary arch (eyebrow)
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10
Q

What is the nerve supply for the frontal sinus?

A

Ophthalmic division of V nerve

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11
Q

Where are the maxillary sinuses located?

A
  • Within the body of the maxilla
  • They have a pyramidal shape:
  • Base: lateral wall of the nose (Side)
  • Apex: zygomatic process of the maxilla (near cheeks)
  • Roof: floor of the orbit
  • Floor: alveolar process
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12
Q

Where do the maxillary sinuses open?

A

Into the middle meatus and hiatus semilunaris

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13
Q

Where are the ethmoid sinuses located?

A

Between the eyes and like a labyrinth of air cells

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14
Q

How are the ethmoid sinuses drained?

A

By semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus

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15
Q

What is the nerve supply for the ethmoid sinuses?

A

The ophthalmic and maxillary V nerve (cranal nerves)

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16
Q

Where are the sphenoid sinuses located?

A
  • Medial to the cavernous sinus
  • Carotid artery III, IV, V, VI
  • Inferior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland
17
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus empty?

A

Into the sphenoethmoidal recess, lateral to the attachment of the nasal septum

18
Q

What is the nerve supply for the sphenoid sinus?

A

Ophthalmic V

19
Q

What happens if the sphenoid sinus gets infected?

A

Can lead to pituitary gland infection which can cause medical problems

20
Q

Where is the nasopharynx located?

A

Bounded by the:
- Base of the skull
- Sphenoid rostrum
- C spine
- Posterior nose
- Inferiorly at soft palate opens to: oropharynx

21
Q

What is the eustachian tube?

A
  • Supplies air to the middle of the ear (allows them to ‘pop’)
  • Has orifices (openings) in the lateral wall
  • Pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wall
22
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A
  • Back of the mouth
  • Soft palate anteriorly
23
Q

Where are tonsils and their folds?

A
  • Palatine tonsils on the lateral wall
  • Palatoglossal folds
  • Palatopharyngeal folds (further back and in)
  • Inferiorly to the hyoid bone
24
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Valvular function:
- to prevent liquid and food from entering the lung

25
Q

What is the structure of the larynx?

A
  • Rigid structure
  • 9 Cartilages
  • multiple muscles
26
Q

How are the vocal chords changed?

A

Arytenoid cartilages rotate (lengthening and shortening) on the cricoid cartilage to change vocal cords

27
Q

What different laryngeal cartilages do we have?

A

Single:
- Epiglottis
- thyroid
- cricoid

Double:
- cuneiform
- corniculate
- arytenoid

28
Q

What nerves innervate the laryngeal?

A

The vagus X
- superior laryngeal nerve
- recurrent laryngeal nerve

29
Q

Where is the superior laryngeal nerve located?

A
  • Inferior to the ganglion
  • Lateral pharyngeal wall
30
Q

What does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into?

A

Internal : provides sensation to the larynx
External: cricothyroid muscle (little slit below cartilage. If larynx is blocked, put tube in here and could allow breathing)

31
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

All muscles except the cricothyroid

32
Q

Where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve located?

A
  • Lateral to arch of aorta, loops under aorta, ascends between trachea and oesophagus
33
Q

Where is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve located?

A
  • Right subcalvian artery, plane between the trachea and oesophagus

CVR Lectures (28 decks)

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