the structure of nutrients - proteins Flashcards
what are the 5 groups of nutrients?
protein
fat
carbohydrate
vitamins
minerals
what are the macronutrients
protein
fat (lipids)
carbohydrate
what are the micronutrients
vitamins
minerals
are macronutrients or micronutrients needed in larger amounts
macronutrients are needed in larger amounts than micronutrients
are macronutrients or micronutrients needed in larger amounts
macronutrients are needed in larger amounts than micronutrients
what are lipids
lipids are substances that are insoluble in water, but soluble in solvents
e.g. alcohol and ether
lipids are referred to as fats when used in cooking
what chemical elements is protein made of
nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
phosphorus
sulphur
N-CHOPS (prompt word)
what do the elements in protein arranged into
the elements in protein (N-CHOPS) are arranged into chemical units called amino acids
how are protein molecules made
amino acids join together in long chains (polymers) to form protein molecules.
what are the ‘building blocks’ of protein molecules
amino acids
how many amino acids are there in humans and what do they do
in humans, there are 20 amino acids
they join together in thousands of different sequences to form different proteins that are found in the body
whats the general formula of an amino acid
R-CH(NH2)-COOH
in the amino acid general formula, what does the R represent
side chain
what is the carboxyl group written as
COOH
what does the NH2 represent in the amino acid general formula
the amino group
what are amino acids joined to other amino acids by and when are they formed
amino acids are joined to other amino acids by peptide bonds
they are formed when the amino group (NH2) of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group (COOH) of another amino acid, with the loss of one molecule of water
this is called a condensation reaction
whats a condensation reaction
when the product of water is formed
whats a polypeptide
when many amino acids are joined together in chains by condensation reactions
why are polypeptide chains of amino acids folded
they are folded to help make large protein molecules become compact
how are the compact protein molecules prevented from coming apart
the polypeptide chains are held together by bonds such as hydrogen bonds and sulphur-to-sulphur(disulphide) ‘bridges’
what are the four stages of folding protein molecules
stage 1: primary structure
stage 2: secondary structure
stage 3: tertiary structure
stage 4: quaternary structure
whats a hydrophilic
a substance that has an affinity (is attracted to) water
whats a hydrophobic
a substance that repels water and will not mix with it
whats a peptide bond
the bond that forms when the amino group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another amino acid with the loss of one molecule of water
