the structure of nutrients - proteins

Question 1

what are the 5 groups of nutrients?

Answer 1

protein
fat
carbohydrate
vitamins
minerals

Question 2

what are the macronutrients

Answer 2

protein
fat (lipids)
carbohydrate

Question 3

what are the micronutrients

Answer 3

vitamins
minerals

Question 4

are macronutrients or micronutrients needed in larger amounts

Answer 4

macronutrients are needed in larger amounts than micronutrients

Question 5

are macronutrients or micronutrients needed in larger amounts

Answer 5

macronutrients are needed in larger amounts than micronutrients

Question 6

what are lipids

Answer 6

lipids are substances that are insoluble in water, but soluble in solvents
e.g. alcohol and ether
lipids are referred to as fats when used in cooking

Question 7

what chemical elements is protein made of

Answer 7

nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
phosphorus
sulphur

N-CHOPS (prompt word)

Question 8

what do the elements in protein arranged into

Answer 8

the elements in protein (N-CHOPS) are arranged into chemical units called amino acids

Question 9

how are protein molecules made

Answer 9

amino acids join together in long chains (polymers) to form protein molecules.

Question 10

what are the ‘building blocks’ of protein molecules

Answer 10

amino acids

Question 11

how many amino acids are there in humans and what do they do

Answer 11

in humans, there are 20 amino acids

they join together in thousands of different sequences to form different proteins that are found in the body

Question 12

whats the general formula of an amino acid

Answer 12

R-CH(NH2)-COOH

Question 13

in the amino acid general formula, what does the R represent

Answer 13

side chain

Question 14

what is the carboxyl group written as

Answer 14

COOH

Question 15

what does the NH2 represent in the amino acid general formula

Answer 15

the amino group

Question 16

what are amino acids joined to other amino acids by and when are they formed

Answer 16

amino acids are joined to other amino acids by peptide bonds

they are formed when the amino group (NH2) of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group (COOH) of another amino acid, with the loss of one molecule of water

this is called a condensation reaction

Question 17

whats a condensation reaction

Answer 17

when the product of water is formed

Question 18

whats a polypeptide

Answer 18

when many amino acids are joined together in chains by condensation reactions

Question 19

why are polypeptide chains of amino acids folded

Answer 19

they are folded to help make large protein molecules become compact

Question 20

how are the compact protein molecules prevented from coming apart

Answer 20

the polypeptide chains are held together by bonds such as hydrogen bonds and sulphur-to-sulphur(disulphide) ‘bridges’

Question 21

what are the four stages of folding protein molecules

Answer 21

stage 1: primary structure
stage 2: secondary structure
stage 3: tertiary structure
stage 4: quaternary structure

Question 22

whats a hydrophilic

Answer 22

a substance that has an affinity (is attracted to) water

Question 23

whats a hydrophobic

Answer 23

a substance that repels water and will not mix with it

Question 24

whats a peptide bond

Answer 24

the bond that forms when the amino group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another amino acid with the loss of one molecule of water

Question 25

whats a peptide bond

Answer 25

the bond that forms when the amino group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another amino acid with the loss of one molecule of water

Question 26

what is the first stage of folding in protein molecules

Answer 26

primary structure- polypeptide chain

this is composed of lots of different amino acids

Question 27

what is the second stage of folding in protein molecules

Answer 27

secondary structure

the polypeptide chain either twists like a corkscrew into a helix shape or folds into a concertina shaped sheet. this is helped by the bonds that form between the polypeptide chains

some of the amino acids are hydrophilic and some a hydrophobic and this also influences how the chains fold or twist

Question 28

what is the third stage of folding in protein molecules

Answer 28

tertiary structure

the polypeptide chains fold more and more so that the protein molecule starts to become compact and more bonds are formed to hold it together

Question 29

what is the fourth stage of folding in protein molecules

Answer 29

quaternary structure

several folded polypeptide chains join and fold together to form compact bundles