The structure of eukaryotic cells

Question 1

All cells are surrounded by a …. which controls the exchange of materials between the internal cell environment and the external environment

Answer 1

cell surface membrane

Question 2

The cell surface membrane is described as being partially…

Answer 2

permeable

Question 3

The cell membrane is formed from a ……. ……. of phospholipids spanning a diameter of around …

Answer 3

phospholipid bilayer, 10nm

Question 4

Cell walls are formed outside of the …. …. and offer …… ….. to the cell

Answer 4

cell membrane, structural support

Question 5

Structural support of the cell wall is provided by the polysaccharide … in plants, and …. in most bacterial cells

Answer 5

cellulose, peptidoglycan

Question 6

Narrow threads of cytoplasm (surrounded by a cell membrane) called …. connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring plant cells

Answer 6

plasmodesmata

Question 7

The nucleus of a cell contains …. (a complex of DNA and histone proteins) which is the genetic material of the cell

Answer 7

chromatin

Question 8

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane (the ….. ……) which has many pores

Answer 8

The nuclear envelope

Question 9

Nuclear pores are important channels for allowing ….. and ….. to travel out of the nucleus, as well as allowing …. and signalling molecules to travel in

Answer 9

mRNA, ribosomes, enzymes

Question 10

What is the material from which chromosomes are made?

Answer 10

Chromatin

Question 11

What are chromosomes made of?

Answer 11

Sections of linear DNA tightly wound around proteins called histones

Question 12

What is the nucleolus the site of?

Answer 12

Ribosome production

Question 13

What are the components of the mitochondria?

Answer 13

Inner membrane, outer membrane, Cristae, matrix

Question 14

In mitochondria, what does the inner membrane fold to form?

Answer 14

Cristae

Question 15

In mitochondria, what does the matrix formed by the cristae contain?

Answer 15

Enzymes needed for aerobic respiration, producing ATP

Question 16

In mitochondria, small circular pieces of … (… …) and …. are also found in the matrix (needed for replication)

Answer 16

DNA, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes

Question 17

What are mitochondria surrounded by?

Answer 17

A double membrane

Question 18

What are chloroplasts surrounded by?

Answer 18

A double membrane

Question 19

In chloroplasts, membrane bound compartments called …. containing …. stack to form structures called ….

Answer 19

thylakoids, chlorophyll, grana

Question 20

In chloroplasts, grana are joined together by ….. (thin and flat ….. membranes)

Answer 20

Lamellae, thylakoid

Question 21

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis:
The light dependent stage takes place in the …..
The light independent stage (Calvin cycle) takes place in the ….

Answer 21

Thylakoids, stroma

Question 22

Chloroplasts also contain small circular pieces of … and ….. used to synthesise proteins needed in chloroplasts replication and photosynthesis

Answer 22

DNA, ribosomes

Question 23

Ribosomes are formed in the ….. and are composed of almost equal amounts of ….. and ……

Answer 23

Nucleolus, RNA, protein

Question 24

Ribosomes are found freely in the …… of all cells or as part of the ….. in eukaryotic cells

Answer 24

Cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

…S ribosomes (composed of 60S and 40S subunits) are found in eukaryotic cells

Answer 25

80

Question 26

…S ribosomes (composed of 50S and 30S subunits) in prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 26

70

Question 27

Ribosomes are the site of …. (Protein synthesis)

Answer 27

Translation

Question 28

The RER has a surface covered in ….. and is formed from continuous folds of membrane continuous with the …..

Answer 28

Ribosomes, nuclear envelope

Question 29

The RER processes ….. made by …..

Answer 29

Proteins, ribosomes

Question 30

The SER does not have …. on the surface

Answer 30

ribosomes

Question 31

The SER is involved in the production, processing and storage of ….., ……. and ……

Answer 31

Lipids, carbohydrates and steroids

Question 32

The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened sacs of …. similar to the SER

Answer 32

membrane

Question 33

The Golgi apparatus modifies … and …. before packaging them into the …..

Answer 33

Proteins, lipids, Golgi vesicles

Question 34

What do the Golgi vesicles do?

Answer 34

Transport proteins and lipids to their required destination

Question 35

Proteins that go through the Golgi apparatus are usually …., put into ….. or delivered to membrane bound organelles

Answer 35

Exported, lysosomes

Question 36

The large permanent vacuole is a sac in plant cells surrounded by the ….., selectively permeable membrane

Answer 36

Tonoplast

Question 37

Vacuoles in …. cells are not permanent and small

Answer 37

Animal

Question 38

The vesicles is a membrane bound sac for …. and ……

Answer 38

Transport, storage

Question 39

The lysosome is specialist forms of vesicles which contain ….. …… (enzymes that break biological molecules down)

Answer 39

Hydrolytic enzymes

Question 40

The lysosome breaks down waste materials such as worn-out organelles, used extensively by cells of the ….. ….. and in …… (programmed cell death)

Answer 40

Immune system, apoptosis

Question 41

The centriole has hollow fibres made of ……, two centrioles as right angles to each other form a …… which organises the ….. …. during a cell division

Answer 41

microtubules, centrosome, spindle fibres

Question 42

The centriole is not found in ….. ….. and ……

Answer 42

Flowering plants, fungi

Question 43

Microtubules make up the ….. of the cell

Answer 43

Cytoskeleton

Question 44

Microtubule is made of alpha and beta …… combined to form ……which are then joined into ……..

Answer 44

tubulin, dimera, protofilaments

Question 45

In microtubules, the cytoskeleton is used to provide …. and ….. of the cell

Answer 45

Support, movement

Question 46

What are the microvilli?

Answer 46

Cell membrane projections that increase the surface area for absorption

Question 47

What are the cilia?

Answer 47

Hair like projections made from microtubules Allows the movement of substances over the cell surface

Question 48

What is the flagella?

Answer 48

Contract to provide cell movement