The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Flashcards
Things to know about the Trachea
- carries air towards the lungs
- Covered in CILIA which catch particles of dust. Dust then is removed by coughing
- Kept open by rings of cartilage
What is the bronchi?
When the trachea divides in two
What are the bronchioles?
When the bronchi divides into very narrow tubes called bronchioles
What is gaseous exchange?
The movement of a gas from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Things to know about the alveoli
- At the end of each bronchiole are alveoli
- These are tiny air sacs which allow rapid gaseous exchange
- Capillaries surrounding each alveoli allow gaseous exchange to take place
What is haemoglobin?
haemoglobin transports oxygen around the body in the red blood cells.
Carbon dioxide is also carried by the haemoglobin
What are the two air passages which allow air to enter the body?
Mouth and nose
3 key things to know about arteries?
- carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
- Elastic walls to maintain blood pressure
- small lumen
3 key things to know about capillaries?
- tiny thin walled blood vessels, join arteries to vein
- Allow gaseous exchange
- Nutrients and waste products diffuse into and out of capillaries
3 key things to know about veins?
1.Veins are thinner walls, and lower blood pressure
2. Valves to prevent backflow
3. Large lumen
What is diffusion?
Movement of gas from a high concentration to a low concentration
definition of diastole?
The ventricles and atria are relaxed and fill with blood
definition of systole?
ventricles and atria contract and pump blood to arteries
What to know about valves
The flow of blood through the heart is caused by pressure changes. These changes cause valves to open and close. When open they allow blood through. When closed they stop back flow. The atrioventricular valves are the valves between the atrium and the ventricle
What is cardiac output?
This is the volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out. It is usually measured in liters per minute.
What are two factors that contribute to cardiac output?
Heart rate (bpm)
Stroke volume (the volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction)
What are two athletes who would have the highest cardiac outputs?
Cross country skier
Endurance cyclist
What is the formula to calculate stroke volume?
Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume
How do you work out your maximum heart rate?
220 - age
What are the three stages of the heart rate graph called?
1.Anticipatory rise
2.Plateau
3.Recovery
What is inspiration?
(breathing in)
When the intercostal muscles contract and the diaphragm flattens (contracts).The rib cage moves up and out and the pressure of air is higher outside than in the lungs. Air rushes from high to low.
What is expiration?
(breathing out)
When the intercostal muscles relax and the diaphragm relaxes (domed shaped).The rib cage returns to normal and the pressure of air is lower outside than in the lungs. Air rushes out of the body.
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal inspiration or out. Average tidal volume is 500ml.
What is expiatory reserve volume?
The amount of extra air expired during a forceful breath out.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The amount of extra air breathed in during a deep breath in. Can be as high as 3000ml
what is residual volume?
The amount of air left in the lungs following a maximal expiration. There is always some air remaining in the lungs!
