The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system

Question 1

Things to know about the Trachea

Answer 1

1. carries air towards the lungs
2. Covered in CILIA which catch particles of dust. Dust then is removed by coughing
3. Kept open by rings of cartilage

Question 2

What is the bronchi?

Answer 2

When the trachea divides in two

Question 3

What are the bronchioles?

Answer 3

When the bronchi divides into very narrow tubes called bronchioles

Question 4

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 4

The movement of a gas from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Question 5

Things to know about the alveoli

Answer 5

1. At the end of each bronchiole are alveoli
2. These are tiny air sacs which allow rapid gaseous exchange
3. Capillaries surrounding each alveoli allow gaseous exchange to take place

Question 6

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 6

haemoglobin transports oxygen around the body in the red blood cells.
Carbon dioxide is also carried by the haemoglobin

Question 7

What are the two air passages which allow air to enter the body?

Answer 7

Mouth and nose

Question 8

3 key things to know about arteries?

Answer 8

1. carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
2. Elastic walls to maintain blood pressure
3. small lumen

Question 9

3 key things to know about capillaries?

Answer 9

1. tiny thin walled blood vessels, join arteries to vein
2. Allow gaseous exchange
3. Nutrients and waste products diffuse into and out of capillaries

Question 10

3 key things to know about veins?

Answer 10

1.Veins are thinner walls, and lower blood pressure
2. Valves to prevent backflow
3. Large lumen

Question 11

What is diffusion?

Answer 11

Movement of gas from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 12

definition of diastole?

Answer 12

The ventricles and atria are relaxed and fill with blood

Question 13

definition of systole?

Answer 13

ventricles and atria contract and pump blood to arteries

Question 14

What to know about valves

Answer 14

The flow of blood through the heart is caused by pressure changes. These changes cause valves to open and close. When open they allow blood through. When closed they stop back flow. The atrioventricular valves are the valves between the atrium and the ventricle

Question 15

What is cardiac output?

Answer 15

This is the volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out. It is usually measured in liters per minute.

Question 16

What are two factors that contribute to cardiac output?

Answer 16

Heart rate (bpm)
Stroke volume (the volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction)

Question 17

What are two athletes who would have the highest cardiac outputs?

Answer 17

Cross country skier
Endurance cyclist

Question 18

What is the formula to calculate stroke volume?

Answer 18

Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume

Question 19

How do you work out your maximum heart rate?

Answer 19

220 - age

Question 20

What are the three stages of the heart rate graph called?

Answer 20

1.Anticipatory rise
2.Plateau
3.Recovery

Question 21

What is inspiration?
(breathing in)

Answer 21

When the intercostal muscles contract and the diaphragm flattens (contracts).The rib cage moves up and out and the pressure of air is higher outside than in the lungs. Air rushes from high to low.

Question 22

What is expiration?
(breathing out)

Answer 22

When the intercostal muscles relax and the diaphragm relaxes (domed shaped).The rib cage returns to normal and the pressure of air is lower outside than in the lungs. Air rushes out of the body.

Question 23

What is tidal volume?

Answer 23

The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal inspiration or out. Average tidal volume is 500ml.

Question 24

What is expiatory reserve volume?

Answer 24

The amount of extra air expired during a forceful breath out.

Question 25

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 25

The amount of extra air breathed in during a deep breath in. Can be as high as 3000ml

Question 26

what is residual volume?

Answer 26

The amount of air left in the lungs following a maximal expiration. There is always some air remaining in the lungs!