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Higher Human Biology > The structure and function of the heart > Flashcards

The structure and function of the heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Through what vessel does de oxygenated blood return to the right atrium?

A

Vena cava

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2
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart

A
  • left and right atria
  • left and right ventricles
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3
Q

Explain the route of blood flow from it being brought back to the heart by the vena cava, to being pumped around the body by the aorta

A
  1. deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
  2. blood passes into right ventricle and leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery where it travels to the lungs to be oxygenated
  3. oxygenated blood returns to heart via pulmonary veins
  4. blood then flows from left atrium to left ventricle and out to the rest of the body via the aorta
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4
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood all around the body whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs

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5
Q

What are the two types of valves found in the heart?

A
  • Atrioventricular valves (AV)
  • Semi-lunar valves
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6
Q

where are the AV valves found and what is their function?

A
  • found between the atria and ventricles
  • prevent back flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria
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7
Q

Where are the semi lunar valves found and what is their function?

A
  • between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
  • between left ventricle and aorta

prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles

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8
Q

what is heart rate?

A

number of heartbeats that occur per minute

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9
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per heartbeat

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10
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute

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11
Q

How is the cardiac output calculated?

A

CO= HR x SV

CO= cardiac output
HR= heart rate
SV= stroke volume

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12
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

the processes of systole and diastole which occur during one complete heartbeat

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13
Q

What occurs during diastole?

A
  • period of relaxation for the heart - no contraction
  • blood returns to the atria
  • atrial pressure begins to be greater than ventricular pressure
  • blood begins to enter the ventricles
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14
Q

What occurs during atrial systole?

A

Atria contract and send remaining blood into the ventricles

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15
Q

What occurs during ventricular systole?

A

contraction of the ventricles pumps blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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16
Q

What part of the heart sets the heart rate?

A

Sino atrial node

17
Q

Explain the pathway of an electrical impulse after it is produced by the SA node

A
  1. spreads across the muscle cells of the atria causing atrial systole
  2. Impulse picked up at the atrioventricular node
  3. Impulse passes from AVN to bundle of conducting fibres which divides into two branches
  4. Impulse spreads to the ventricular muscle cells via these branches, leading to ventricular systole
18
Q

Where is the Sino atrial node located?

A

The upper part of the wall of the right atrium

19
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

At the base of the atria

20
Q

What can be used to record the electrical activity of the heart

A

An electrocardiogram (ECG)

21
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in regulating the rate of the Sino atrial node?

A

The medulla

22
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

23
Q

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to the heart rate?

A
  • sympathetic system increases heart rate
  • parasympathetic system decreases heart rate

they are antagonistic of each other

24
Q

What neurotransmitter do sympathetic nerves release to increase heart rate?

A

Noradrenaline

25
Q

What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic nerves release to decrease heart rate?

A

Acetylcholine

26
Q

What happens to the heart rate when a person is in a state of ‘fight or flight’?

A

Sympathetic nervous system causes release of adrenaline which increases heart rate

27
Q

Define blood pressure and what is it measured in?

A

Force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls

measured in mmHg

28
Q

What equipment is used to measure blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer

29
Q

What is a normal blood pressure for a healthy adult?

A

120/80mmHg

30
Q

A person’s blood pressure is 120/80mmHg

what do these two numbers mean?

A

First number (120) = systolic blood pressure

second number (80) = diastolic blood pressure

31
Q

What is hypertension

A

prolonged elevation of blood pressure at rest

32
Q

what blood pressure value is considered to be hypertension?

A

above 140/90 mmHg

33
Q

Why is having prolonged hypertension bad?

A

major risk factor for coronary heart disease and strokes

34
Q
A

Higher Human Biology (6 decks)

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