the stages of learning Flashcards
name the tree stages of learning in order.
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
what is the description of the cognitive stage:
-the performer begins to create a clear mental image of what the skill is supposed to look like.
-an accurate demonstration is necessary, which the performer will copy
-mental rehearsal of the skill is required
-many mistakes are made
-trial and error is used, learning to work out the correct method.
-movements appear uncoordinated and jerky
-lots of attention needed to work on the main components (no kinaesthesias)
-motor programmes are not yet formed
what feedback should be given to someone who is in the cognitive stage of learning?
-extrinsic feedback from a coach to direct performance and highlight weaknesses.
-feedback should be positive so that the performer will persevere with the learning process.
-some knowledge of results can be used, so that successful actions are repeated and unsuccessful actions are modified.
what’s an example of someone in the cognitive stage of learning?
A hockey player who is initially learning to dribble will be very slow, their movements will be jerky and they will often loose the ball as a result of hitting it too hard. Their head will be down watching the ball intently. As they do not yet know how it is supposed to feel, they rely on their coach for feedback. The coach will give various demonstrations and the learner will watch and work out each subroutine. They should constantly mentally rehearse dribbling in this phase.
what is the description of the associative phase of learning?
- the performer must continue to practise
- the performer models their current actions on those of skilled athletes.
- some performers never progress beyond this stage
- the performer becomes more proficient, making fewer mistakes.
- movement becomes smoother and more co-ordinated
- the performer can begin to focus their attention on the finer aspects of the skill.
- motor programmes are developing and will be stored in the LTM
- demonstrations, positive feedback and mental rehearsal are still required to aid learning.
what type of feedback will someone in the associative stage of learning need?
- the performer begins to develop kinaesthesias and uses intrinsic feedback to correct movement. They will know how the movement is supposed to feel.
- extrinsic feedback is still used to refine actions.
- the performer begins to use knowledge of performance
give an example of someone in the associative phase of learning.
A gymnast on a beam will have practiced and mastered the basic skills and will now be ale to execute more complex movements. They can now use intrinsic feedback, as they are beginning to become aware of how the movements should feel. they can now look up and forward rather than down at their feet.
give a description of someone in the autonomous stage of learning.
- movement are fluent, efficient and have become habitual due to extensive practice
- skills are executed automatically, without consciously thinking about subroutines.
- motor programmes are fully formed and stored in the LTM
- the performer can concentrate on fine detail, tactics and advanced strategies
- it is still important to practise and mentally rehearse in order to keep up this level of performance
what sort of feedback should someone n the autonomous stage of learning get?
- the performer uses intrinsic feedback to correct their own mistakes by means of kinaesthesias
- extrinsic feedback can be negative to aid error correction
- the performer uses knowledge of performance to understand why the action was successful or unsuccessful.
give an example of a sports person who is in the autonomous stage of learning.
A basketball player will be able to dribble the ball fluently and consistently without having to look down at the ball. They are able to scan the court for passing options without concentrating on controlling the ball, as it is being controlled automatically due to the kinaesthesias the player has developed in the LTM. They can correct errors they make immediately, without assistance from the coach.
what is a learning plateau?
a period during performance when there are no signs of improvement; the performer does not appear to be getting any better at doing the task.
state and describe stage 1 on the learning curve.
- the performer is in the cognitive stage of learning, therefore their success rate will be low. They will be slow and jerky when performing. They are trying to work out the different parts of the skill are are developing and understanding
state and describe the 2md stage of the learning curve.
- As the performer practises, there is a sharp increase in their success rate as they begin to grasp the skill. They enter the associative stage of learning and begin to look more fluid when performing. Motivation levels will be high as they recognise they are being successful.
state and describe stage 3 of the learning curve
- The performer reaches a plateau, where they are no longer progressing with the skill. Performance levels are maintained with no further improvements shown.
Describe what the last stage of the learning curve is.
The performer has a dip in their success rate. There is a lack of motivation and the may be experiencing drive reduction. To re-motivate them, they will require a new task or challenge.
