The stability of the monarchy 1547 - 1558 Flashcards

1
Q

Who gave birth to Mary and in what year?

A

Catherine of Aragon, 1516

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2
Q

When was Elizabeth born and who was her mother?

A

Anne Boleyn, 1533

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3
Q

Who was Henry Fitzroy and why was he significant to Henry VIII?

A

1519- Henrys bastard son with bessie blount, big factor in his divorce- evidence he could produce sons.

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4
Q

Who was Edward’s mother and when was he born?

A

Jane Seymour, 1537

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5
Q

Why was Jane Seymour included in the painting ‘The Family of Henry VIII’ even though it was created 8 years after her death?

What does the position of Mary and Elizabeth in the painting suggest?

A

family unit and claim to the throne, mary and elizabeth regarded as background figures

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6
Q

What did Henry establish to aid Edward before he died?

A

*A regency council that was supposed to be balanced between religious conservatives/Catholics (under Norfolk and Gardiner) and reformers (under Edward Seymour).

*end of Henry’s reign had undermined this attempt, leaving a reformist-dominated Council.

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7
Q

Describe England’s position in Europe when Henry died (4)

A
  • At war with France and Scotland (alliance meant they were fighting a war on two fronts)
  • Not a major power
  • Had captured Bologne from the French
  • There were fears of a Catholic crusade
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8
Q

Describe the economic and social conditions in 1547 when Henry died (4)

A
  • He had spent all the money he had gained from the Dissolution of the Monasteries on war and defence in the 1540s.
  • He had reduced the silver content of coins to raise money (debasement - caused inflation).
  • enclosure
  • massive inflation
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9
Q

When and where did Henry VIII die?

A

28th January 1547 in the Palace of Whitehall

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10
Q

What was the line of succession after Henry’s death and by what act had this been established?

A
  1. Edward
  2. Edward’s heirs
  3. Mary (on the condition that she gained the consent of the privy council before marrying)
  4. Elizabeth

Established by the 1543 Third Succession Act

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11
Q

When was the Regency Council formally established and who became Lord Protector?

A

31st January 1547

The Duke of Somerset was Lord Protector

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12
Q

What are the Duke of Somerset’s 4 names/titles and what was his relation to Edward VI?

A

Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Earl of Hertsford, Lord Protector.

He was Edward VI’s Uncle (Jane’s brother)

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13
Q

True or false: Somerset’s assumption of power was against Henry’s wishes.

Why did he manage to gain supreme control?

What were the advantages of his position?

A

True, Henry had wanted the Regency Council to rule.

He was the uncle of Edward and has gained a reputation as a successful soldier in Scotland.

Without a leader, it is unlikely the Council would have been decisive and there may have been even greater factional unrest

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14
Q

What issues did having a minor (Edward) on the throne create? (4)

A
  1. Couldn’t lead troops into war.
  2. Potential development of faction and fear that England would return to civil war (like under Henry VI - War of the Roses)
  3. Weak image (coin of 1553 portrayed him on horseback, no longer a child)
  4. Sickly and was going to die
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15
Q

Which four main issues did Edward inherit from his father in 1547?

A
  • Failing economy
  • Religious divide
  • Political instability (largely caused by Protestant/Catholic divide)
  • War with France & Scotland
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16
Q

How many proclamations did Somerset issue in comparison with the number after he was ousted from power?

A
  • Somerset issued 77 proclamations between 1547 and 1549
  • compared to the 56 issued under Northumberland beterrn 1548 and 1553
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17
Q

What events of summer 1549 acted as a catalyst for the coup against the Duke of Somerset?

A

Western rebellion, Kett’s rebeliion and other rural unrest

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18
Q

Which 3 members of Edward’s court united against the Duke of Somerset and what were their individual reasons for doing so?

A

Thomas Wrothesley: religion

John Dudley (later Duke of Northumberland): power grab

William Paget: Lack of disciple from subjects- ‘softness’ “A society is maintained by religion and law. Look carefully to see whether you have either law or religion.”

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19
Q

What are the Duke of Northumberland’s four names/titles?

A

John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, Duke of Nothumberland, Lord President

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20
Q

How did Lords and Councillors initially go about removing Somerset from power? What did they accuse him of (4)?

A

They met at the house of the Earl of Warwick (Dudley) and published a proclamation accusing him of

  1. Being malicious and causing unrest
  2. Seeking glory
  3. Ignoring the advice of councillors
  4. Telling lies about the council to the King
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21
Q

How did Somerset’s monarchical reign of sorts come to an end?

How did Somerset respond to the criticisms against him? How did Edward intervene?

A

He retreated to Hamptom Court and on the 5th October,

he summmoned loyal subjects to defend him and the King.

-6th he moved himself and Edward to Windsor Castle, where Edward fell ill and complained of the cold.

-Edward abandoned Somerset, claiming he had threatened riots if removed from power.

-A week later, Somerset was removed from power and arrested.

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22
Q

When did the coup remove Somerset as Lord Protector and when did the Duke of Northumberland become Lord President of the Council?

A

Somerset removed: 13th October 1549

Northumberland installed: 21st February 1550

(The 4 months in between entailed a power struggle for control of the council)

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23
Q

Why did Warwick not become Lord Protector immediately after Somerset was ousted?

A

Religious conservatives on the Council didn’t trust him but Warwick brought in his own allies so he gained a Protestant majority on the Council.

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24
Q

How did the Earl of Warwick respond to rumours of a Catholic plot against him? What consolidated his power?

A

He claimed that he was a friend of Somerset’s and anyone who attacked Somerset also attacked him.

By January 1550, the leading Catholic members of the Council, dismissed and Warwick was made Lord President.

He had also positioned his own supporters around Edward to further secure his position.

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25
Q

How did the coup against Somerset impact the religious direction of the country?

A

Because Warwick had allied himself with more religiously radical members of the Privy Council, it forced him to take a more radical stance than Somerset had.

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26
Q

True or false: When Somerset was released from jail he was restored to court and the Privy Council.

A

True

27
Q

How did Northumberland react to Somerset’s release from jail?

A

Once Northumberland’s position was secure, he attempted reconcilliation with Somerset (who had been released from jail) and his son married Somerset’s daughter.

28
Q

Why was Somerset executed in January 1552?

A

-plotting against northumberland- but was it fabricated?.

29
Q

When did the Duke of Northumberland’s son marry Lady Jane Grey?

A

May 1553

30
Q

When was the Devise to exclude Mary Tudor from the succession created?

A

May 1553, it was later edited to make Lady Jane the heir in June 1553 as there were no male Grey heirs

31
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that Edward was more behind the Devise than Northumberland?

A
  • motivation to preserve protestant refrom
  • Lady Jane Grey and Northumberlands son already married before jane became heir.
  • If it was a plot, it was poorly managed.
  • As a soldier, you would expect Northumberland to have maintained sufficent troops to defend LJG but dismissed professional army a year before. Would have captured mary and used propaganda against her.
32
Q

On what date did Edward VI die? For how many days was his death kept secret?

A

6th July 1553, 2 days

33
Q

How did Mary initially assert her right to the throne?

A

She proclaimed herself queen and sent letters to the Privy Council, which they were forced to respond to in order to contest the notion of ‘legitimacy’.

34
Q

For how many days was Lady Jane Grey queen? And on what date did Mary arrive in London and reclaim her throne?

A

9 (10th - 19th July 1553)

35
Q

True or false: Jane was proclaimed queen against her wishes.

What tools did Mary use to contest her becoming queen?

A

True.

From East Anglia she issued proclamations, letters of summons and asked the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, for help. The country appeared on the edge of civil war.

36
Q

On what date did the Duke of Northumberland set out with 2000 troops to try and defeat Mary?

A

13th July

37
Q

What did Northumberland’s departure from London cause?

A

It gave the PC a chance to reconsider their views and most of them declared support for Mary. Many soldiers deserted Northumberland, despite a raise in pay.

38
Q

Where did Northumberland retreat? When did Mary arrive in London?

A

He abandoned his march towards Framlingham and retreated to Cambridge, where he proclaimed Mary queen on the 19th July.

She arrived in London on the 3rd August 1553 and was greeted with enthusiasm.

39
Q

“….although unworthy to write to your Highness, am now obliged, with a most penitent heart, to ask mercy and pardon for my great and serious offence in upholding the last Will of our late Sovereign Lord, King Edward VI..”

Who wrote this to Queen Mary after she came to the throne?

A

Thomas Cranmer, a leader of the Protestant reformation and for a while, Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry/Edward.

40
Q

Who did Mary soon release from jail, showing leniency towards those who had opposed her? Who joined the new Privy Council and who was imprisoned?

A

-Gardiner and Norfolk were released from jail.
-William Paget joined the new Privy Council.
-William Cecil was imprisoned.

41
Q

Who was executed on the 22nd August 1553?

A

Northumberland (John Dudley)

42
Q

Why was female rule feared in 1553?

A

It was believed that

  • A woman would be unable to control faction
  • A woman would be unable to lead an army into battle
  • A woman was expected to marry and be subservient to her husband
    • If she married an Englishman, this would mean his family would dominate her court
    • If she married a foreigner, the country may be dominated by another nation
43
Q

Who said that a woman ruler was “unnatural and insulting to God” and that in leadership positions, “their sight is blindness; their strength, weakness; their advice, foolishness; and their judgment, frenzy.”?

A

John Knox, a Scottish Calvinist preacher

44
Q

When Mary came to the throne, who were her potential suitors and who were they supported by?

A

Edward Courtenay (Earl of Devon) - supported by Gardiner

Philip I of Spain - supported by Paget

45
Q

What were the different advantages to Courtenay and Philip?

A

Courtenay was descended from royal blood as he was related to the Plantagenets and this might have strengthened the Tudor dynasty.

Philip would bring England closer to the Haburgs, the family to which Mary’s family was related, and mean Spain would become a strong ally.

46
Q

How did Mary confirm her marriage to Philip? How did the House of Commons respond?

A

She announced that it was her plan to the Privy Council on the 27th October 1553.

The House of Commons presented a petition but she ignored any opposition and on the 7 Deecember a marriage treaty was presented to the Privy Council, gaining final approval on the 7th January 1554.

47
Q

Why were some English people displeased with Mary’s choice of husband?

A

They were resistant of foreign influence. Ordinary people thought that Spaniards would replace them in the work force and the gentry were worried that they’d lose their positions at court.

48
Q

Who claimed that the Englishmen think “they are to be enslaved, for the Queen is a Spanish woman at heart and thinks nothing of Englishmen.”?

A

Simon Renard, Ambassador to Charles V

49
Q

Who led the rebellion against Mary due to her proposed marriage to Philip?

Why?

A

Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir James Croft and Sir Peter Carew

They had all held office under Henry and Edward but now feared they would be replaced by Spaniards.

50
Q

What was the inital plan for Wyatt’s rebellion? Which was the only successful aspect?

A

A four-pronged rising based in Devon, Leicestershire, the Welsh borders and Kent.

Only Kent succeeded.

51
Q

Why have the reasons behind Wyatt’s rebellion been a matter for considerable debate?

A
  • Wyatt was a devout Protestant and other conspiritators had links with the reformation.
  • The only contemporary account of events is by John Proctor, who wanted to portary the rising as religiously motivated and divert attention from the marriage as he worked for the government.
52
Q

How was Wyatt’s rebellion foiled?

A

-The rebels planned to marry Elizabeth to Edward Courtenay but he disclosed the scheme to Gardiner.

  • Had to go earlier- as plan was leaked.
  • He raised 3000 men but it was in the middle of winter.

-A force was sent under the Duke of Norfolk to confront the rebels but they deserted and joined them.

-Mary refused to leave london, halted at london bridge and wyatt surrendered..

53
Q

What is the significance of this excerpt from one of Mary’s speeches: “‘I am your Queen, to whom at my coronation, when I was wedded to the realm and laws of the same (the spousal ring whereof I have on my finger, which never hitherto was, not hereafter shall be, left off), you promised your allegiance and obedience to me…. And I say to you, on the word of a Prince, I cannot tell how naturally the mother loveth the child, for I was never the mother of any; but certainly, if a Prince and Governor may as naturally and earnestly love her subjects as the mother doth love the child, then assure yourselves that I, being your lady and mistress, do as earnestly and tenderly love and favour you. And I, thus loving you, cannot but think that ye as heartily and faithfully love me; and then I doubt not but we shall give these rebels a short and speedy overthrow’.”

A

She gave this speech at Guildhall in order to rally her supporters and ultimately force Wyatt to surrender.

54
Q

What was the impact of Wyatt’s rebellion?

A

-100 of the commoners executed.
-Wyatt and Suffolk were executed. L
-lady Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley were executed due to Jane’s fathers involvement (12 January 1554).
-Croft was imprisoned and then released. Carew fled to France. Courtenay and Elizabeth were interrogated but released.

55
Q

When and where was Mary married to Philip I? And who was she given away by?

A

5th July 1554, Winchester Cathedral

She was given away by 4 noble women on behalf of England.

56
Q

What were the terms of Mary and Philip’s marriage treaty? (6)

A
  • Philip received the title of King
  • He ruled as a joint sovereign and had no power in his own right
  • Philip wasn’t allowed to take any children that he and Mary could potentially have out of England without express permission
  • Any heirs would inherit England and Low Countries
  • Philip could not inherit the throne
  • Philip had to obey English laws and could not promote foreigners in office
57
Q

On the Privy Council, who notably clashed the most?

True or false: The Privy Council under Mary was very factional.

A

Paget and Gardiner

False, there were disputes over certain issues (eg. the revival of heresy laws) but most of the time, the Council were able to put rivalry aside.

58
Q

What made Mary’s Privy Council effective, despite its size?

A
  • Councillors rarely met altogethr - meetings were usually a similar size to that under Northumberland
  • Committees were established in 1554, excluding casual councillors
  • The establishment of an ‘Inner Council’ in 1555
  • Philip’s departure in 1555 and the death or Gardiner allowed Paget to dominate and form a conciliar form of government
59
Q

How and when did Mary I die?

A

She died on 17 November 1558 aged 42 at St. James’s Palace, during an influenza epidemic that also claimed the life of Reginald Pole later the same day. + ovarian cysts

60
Q

What did Philip I say about Mary’s death in a letter to his sister, Joan?

A

“I felt a reasonable regret for her death.”

61
Q

Why did Elizabeth succeed the throne after Mary’s death?

A

Because Mary did not have children (partly due to age and how little time Philip spent in England) and it was inkeeping with Henry’s will

62
Q

What arguments are there to support the notion that between 1547 and 1558, a political crisis occurred? (6)

A
  • Somerset was only able to seize power through manipulating Henry’s will.
  • The nature of government changed under Somerset so that it was run through his household.
  • The rebellions of 1549 resulted in the political elite abandoning their support of the government.
  • The struggle for power between Northumberland and the Catholic faction.
  • The Lady Jane Grey affair resulted in the raising of armed forces.
  • Wyatt came close to toppling Mary.
63
Q

What arguments suggest that there was not a political crisis between 1547 and 1558?

A
  • The legitimate monarch always triumphed supported by elite.
  • Henry VIII’s will was upheld.
  • Even during factional struggles, government continued.
  • Somerset’s attempted coup was shortlived.
  • Lady Jane Grey was only queen for 9 days.