The Sources of Law Flashcards
THE SOURCES OF LAW
Any act or fact that is allowed to modify the legal order, by introducing a new legal rule, or by amending or repealing an existent one, accordingly to the same legal order
What are the types of sources of law?
- Acts
- Facts
- On production
- Of production
ACTS
Constitutions, Acts, Regulations, International Treaties, EU Laws…
An expression of political will, voluntary, exercised by a legislative/regulative body.
–> Written
FACTS
Customs, Precedents, Conventions…
A human behavior repeated over time.
They are still important in:
- International law
- Constitutional law
- International private law
SOURCE ON PRODUCTION
The source of law that identifies the competent authority, the criteria, the procedure and limits of a legal norm.
SOURCE OF PRODUCTION
The source of the law that introduces, modifies or repeals legal rules.
SOURCE OF COGNIZANCE
Provides official legal notice about the legal norms
THE LEGAL INTERPRETATION
The function of discovering and expounding the intended signification of a legal text in order to apply that meaning to set a case.
What are the types of legal interpretation?
- Authentic
- Clear and proper meaning
- Logical connection
- Systematical connection
- Original legislative will
- Pursuant to the Constitution
- Pursuant to European Union
Which are the possible interpreters of a legal text?
- The same legislative branch
- The judges
- The Law Professors
- The Public Administration
- Anyone
LACUNA
A gap in the legal order, that must be filled to maintain the social order
What is the resolution for a Lacuna?
- Common Law: precedents
- Civil law: analogia legis/analogia iuris
ANTINOMIA
A contradiction of meaning between two, or more, different rules “potentially” applicable to a case.
What are the criteria to solve an antinomia?
- Chronological criterion (repeal, not retroactive)
- Hierarchical criterion (constitutional –> primary –> secundary –> tertiary; annulment, retroactive)
- Criterion of Specialty
- Criterion of Attribution (non-application)
RETROACTIVE EFFECT
The law has retroactive effects if it applies not only to acts/facts that will happen from the time it entered into force, but also for the acts/facts that happened prior to its entering into force.
Is the law retroactive in Italy?
- In general NO
- Criminal law: “nullum crimen sine legis” (not retroactive); “lex mitior” (yes retroactive)
- Repeal –> not retroactive; Annulment –> yes retroactive
CONSTITUTIONAL FACTS
Extraordinary/revolutionary historical-political events that successfully overthrew the existent Constitution, opening the path for an entire new Constitution by a next formalized constituent power.
CODIFIED CONSTITUTION
The constitution as the single fundamental legal act-document, adopted by a formalized constituent power, that creates de novo a system of government and set of rights.
CODIFIED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
Simple modifications to the original constitutional text, adopted bt a constituent power.
UNCODIFIED CONSTITUTION
The “constitution” as the set of multiple legal rules of various nature (statutes, charters, customs, precedents) that shapes an existent system of government and of rights, not embodied in a single fundamental document.
RIGID/FLEXIBLE CONSTITUTION?
- Binding/not binding for the legislative power
- Reinforced/not reinforced amending process
- Supreme law/not supreme law
VOTED/OCTROYEE CONSTITUTION?
Voted directly/indirectly by the people OR given by a monarch or a dictator
LONG/SHORT CONSTITUTION?
Detailed/Not detailed
ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION
The constitutional text as interpreted and applied according to the original meaning at the time of adoption.