The Social Question

Question 1

What is the difference between Middle Class and the Working Class?

Answer 1

the ability to consume the goods they provided to to community

Question 2

Why does the term Middle Class emerge?

Answer 2

Middle Class is first used by bureaucrats to define those that were not part of the land-holding elite nor the lower classes who work with their hands. Includes rich banker and petty shopkeeper

Question 3

What were 3 characteristics of the Middle Class?

Answer 3

1. Most likely to reproduce themselves
2. They beget children that will be great successes
3. They have enough money to send children to school (not university)

Question 4

What does the Industrial revolution do to farming?

Answer 4

Move away from subsistence farming to farming for the market

Question 5

How did the French Revolution affect the British economy?

Answer 5

Prices grew from the French Revolution because the imports become a trickle

Question 6

Why do the Corn Laws come about?

Answer 6

After the war ends in 1815, landholders don’t want to lose the increase.

Question 7

Why were the Corn Laws able to be passed?

Answer 7

Both the House of Lords and the House of Commons all were part of the landed class and so they could put forth whatever they decided to do put forth.

Question 8

What were the Corn Laws and their results?

Answer 8

kept prices artificially high for food commodities. As a result, food in Britain is much more expensive than it is on the continent.

Question 9

What was farming like pre-industrial revolution?

Answer 9

Farming was on long strips so that a horse pull could pull in one long pull. The strips also were there to help distribute risk for subsistence farming.

Question 10

What is the enclosure?

Answer 10

The change came to have large enough to be more efficient and enclosing fields. As well as pastures. They work together to swap strips to do this.

Question 11

What was the effect of enclosure?

Answer 11

Landlords could charge more rent for larger farms
Not as many workers were needed for larger farms
Those that lost work immigrated to other countries or moved to urban areas

Question 12

Where does the industrial revolution originally get its labor pool from?

Answer 12

Surplus population served as the labor pool for the industrial revolution. This starts the division of labor and the assembly line.

Question 13

How did the assembly affect the working class?

Answer 13

This was a decline in specialized skills and that most people could do things. Men, women and children.

Question 14

What were wages like at this time?

Answer 14

Because there were so many people and the production way of low skill meant that wages were extremely

Question 15

What are some key characteristics of Industrial Cities?

Answer 15

1) Entire districts of the city were given to factories
2) This concentration also helped efficiency
3) High pollution
4) People that worked in factories lived in walking districts
5) The emergence of suburbs and income/living arrangements did not occur until the revolution

Question 16

Why did the rich and poor live in the same area prior to the industrial revolution?

Answer 16

1) Rich people needed people to bring water and do domestic services
2) they also needed things from artisans and such
3) Everything had to be in one place
4) While this did not mean class harmony, but rich and the poor had the opportunity to encounter each other

Question 17

What is the Parisian style for housing layout?

Answer 17

1. Groundfloor is for shops
2. 2nd floor is for the richest
3. 3rd is for middle class
4. And so on to 5 or 6th floors where they poor people are

Question 18

What is the London style for housing layout?

Answer 18

1. Big houses with wide paved streets and artisans and laborers lived behind them
2. Large and small houses mixed together

Question 19

How did the changing of living spaces change society?

Answer 19

1) segregation of housing leads to segregation of social groups
2) contributed to ignorance about how the other half lived

Question 20

What is Engels history?

Answer 20

1820-1895 - He wanted to go to university, but his father said no and he was pull out of school at 16.
at 20 he had to serve in the military and was assigned to Berlin which full of intellectuals.
His father sends him to Manchester to do a 2 yr internship.
At retirement he puts all his efforts into revolution to render the businesses of his type obsolete

Question 21

What causes wages to be so depressed?

Answer 21

1. a great deal of people in need of jobs
2. there is no need for skills
3. the wages were so low, families could not afford to live on the men’s wages only

Question 22

What were some of the things that threatened a working class family’s stability?

Answer 22

1. Layoffs
2. Work accidents
3. Pregnancy

Question 23

How do the Irish become competition?

Answer 23

1830s and 40s

1. Potato famine
2. Irish exporting food the poor can’t afford
3. Because they are coming from such awful circumstances they are willing to take lower wages than the English
4. This depresses wages further

Question 24

What were conditions like for rural women and children prior to the industrial revolution?

Answer 24

1. The work was seasonal
2. Working on your on schedule allowed you to take breaks and do things that needed
3. Women could take care of children when needed

Question 25

What were conditions for women and children during the industrial revolution?

Answer 25

1. Very regimented 2. Had to be there on time every day with no flexibility 3. 12 working days with breaks only when the foreman says for lunch 4. The multitasking of women isn't possible 5. 12 hour days

Question 26

What were the housing conditions of the working class?

Answer 26

1. Most light is from the fireplace and so it is hard to see how dirty your place is 2. house was damp because of the climate and there was only 1 brick thick walls that let in rain 3. doesn't dry out because of no ventilations

Question 27

What was the issue of water for the working class?

Answer 27

Water was limited 1. no way of throwing out waste except into the street 2. clothes washing was infrequent 3. water was often contaminated – collera emerges

Question 28

How was the source of cholera determined?

Answer 28

Outbreaks from 1830s-60s | Then a physician plots the prevalence and sees that they are around water supplies and says the problem is the water

Question 29

What was food quality like for the poor?

Answer 29

1. Lack of availability and choice 2. Prices are high for this poor quality food 3. Workers were paid after their shifts on Saturdays

Question 30

What was the diet of the working class?

Answer 30

1. Large breakfast of bacon/sausage of eggs 2. The often case was the men and some of the olde boys get meat 3. the women and the kids have tea and bread and jam

Question 31

What made tea, jam and bread popular to the working class?

Answer 31

1. fast food 2. women had no time to cook 3. Tea is also heavily sweetened that they get some energy from the sugar and caffine from the tea

Question 32

What was the health of the working class?

Answer 32

1. Poor eye sights 2. anemia 3. rickety bones because of poor diet 4. teeth were falling out because of high sugar intake 5. Alcohol abuse is a big problem

Question 33

What is Engel's idea of "social murder" ?

Answer 33

1. that people are in these environs without any way out and starvation and other diseases

Question 34

What were the views of Malthus?

Answer 34

1766-1834 When population growth outstrips resources Thought the best way to reduce the problem of poor people were to employ abstinence to slow the birth rate of the poor The population would eventually start to die out and eat up the surplus labor pool Shaped the re-writing of the poor laws of 1830s to make them less sympathetic to the poor

Question 35

What were the views of William Cobbett?

Answer 35

1763-1835 Said that the rapid move of people from the farm to the cities also increased the cost of living for people even that were left on the farm The problem was not insufficient food supplies, but the tariffs and the corn laws that make things too expensive for the poor

Question 36

What was Richard Cobden's plan to ease the desperate conditions of the poor?

Answer 36

Anti-Corn Law League (1839) When food is too expensive, it inhibits his ability to be consumers Cut the price of living, keeps wages at the same level, this will turn them into consumers and bring up more profits of the manufactures

Question 37

What was John Stuart Mill's plan to ease the desperate conditions of the poor?

Answer 37

1806-1873 Thought the most important step to improve the social situation would be to implement education of children There would also the abolishment of children under 13 working in mills Believed in Unions

Question 38

What is The Social Question?

Answer 38

What to do about people with the rapid industrialization of Britain?

Question 39

What is meant by Capitalism in the 19th century?

Answer 39

he purpose of the economy was to generate wealth and money

Question 40

What is meant by Socialism in the 19th century?

Answer 40

the purpose of the economy in order to benefit the society and the individuals of the society

Question 41

What were 18th century indicators of a growing economy?

Answer 41

Mortality rates would be lower People would marry and produce children strong economy sanitation was in place

Question 42

What was the alternative to Cobden's ideas?

Answer 42

repeal the corn laws and to cut the wages of the workers. This would bring profits, but not help workers

Question 43

What was the 10 hour bill?

Answer 43

1847 - reduce the hours for women and children to 10hrs 5 days a week and 8 hours on Saturday and it passed with the support of the tories.

Question 44

What did Robert Peel have to say about the 10 Hr. bill?

Answer 44

opposed the 10hr Bill because it did not go far enough and it actually causes them to lose about 20% of their income and there was no way to improve this

Question 45

What was important about the abolishment of slavery?

Answer 45

1830s - It was a badge of honor that the slave trade had been abolished because it meant that their was a moral progress

Question 46

Who are the Chartists?

Answer 46

1840s Loosely organized A connection of working mens associations Men who were more socially established They pooled their money to help each other in deaths and hard times

Question 47

What is the People's Charter?

Answer 47

1838 National petition of 1838 and demands Petitions were sent to the House of Commons demanding suffrage and they refused to even read it Petitions of 3.5 million people were sent in 1842 and they still refused to even read it

Question 48

What are Flora Tristan's ideas?

Answer 48

1803-1844 She becomes a journalist and writes the workers union and said that the co-op movement would help women and the women and men had to work together because they were the disenfranchised majority

Question 49

What are the ideas of Louis Blanc?

Answer 49

1811-82 Best known for a book in 1839 which talked about the biggest problem of unemployment. To provide co-operative situations where people could ban together and pool money they can make and sell things at reasonable prices. Government would help with micro-financing

Question 50

What is Karl Marx's history?

Answer 50

1818-83 - Through Gans an interpretation of Hegel’s ideas comes. Intellectual launching pad for Marx's ideas.

Question 51

What were the views of Marx and Engels when they joined forces?

Answer 51

``` The unfolding of economic political processes would eventually come to the point where the bourgeois would be overturned and no class would be ruled by another. Believed history was linear and people will reach their full free potential ```

Question 52

What are the Poor Laws of the 1830?

Answer 52

Help to the poor Based on the views of Malthus Contingent on confinement in the work house with men and women separated

Question 53

What brings the repeal of the Corn Laws?

Answer 53

The Irish famine. | Irish starving at the same time of producing food

Question 54

What happened at the repeal of the Corn Laws?

Answer 54

The decline in the cost of living caused some manufactures to cut wages and this did not help things

Question 55

What were Mill's views on education?

Answer 55

staunch supporter universal education. He proposes free primary for boys and free secondary for boys who pass an examine.

Question 56

What happened to Chartists that went on strike?

Answer 56

Chartists got together to organized strikes and labor unions which were all illegal at the time. In the earlier time people were imprisoned for 21 yrs or deported to Australia

Question 57

What is the background of the Comte de Saint -Simon?

Answer 57

1760-1825 One of the early proponents of socialism Big Supporter of the American Revolution and the French Revolution

Question 58

What was the Comte de Saint-Simon's views on the economy?

Answer 58

Saw the unfairness of the situation of the distribution of the gains Capitalism is prone to economic down turns and destroyed entrepreneurs. Markets were not stable. Ill suited for projects of infrastructure that required long lasting, sustained investments.

Question 59

What was the goal of the followers of Saint-Simon?

Answer 59

ooking for ways to stabilize the economy. Also public-private co-operation to help

Question 60

What was the Neo-Jacobinism Movement?

Answer 60

called for democracy that addressed the issues of the working class. This would give rights to strike and union

Question 61

What was the problem with French Production?

Answer 61

more old fashion. Production of luxury goods. Small workshops and small numbers of workers, with the exception of places near Belgium and Paris. Undercut by the British

Question 62

What was the “Bourgeois Monarchy”?

Answer 62

Also the July Monarchy spanned from 1830-1848. Under King Louis Philipe Large unemployment and misery, but this did not receive much attention from them

Question 63

What is the Polish Revolution?

Answer 63

s for liberty and should be an autonomous state after being partitioned prior to 1789 and finished off during French revolution disruptions

Question 64

What were the goals of the 1820, 1830 and 1848 Revolutions?

Answer 64

are inspired by the French Revolution, Demand basic liberties, against absolutism, demand for equality before the law Some were to create a state of independence the creation of a unified nation-state - Nationalism

Question 65

What caused divisions among revolutionaries of the 1800s?

Answer 65

Usually revolutionaries want both the Nationalist agenda and the French Revolution principles, but many find that one or the other is more important creating dissent

Question 66

What caused the Revolution of 1830 in France?

Answer 66

King Charles X was devoted to the emigres and wanted to install people where their were vacuums. He wanted to roll back the advances of the revolution.

Question 67

How does King Louis Philipe come to power?

Answer 67

Revolution 1830 this brings in King Louis Philipe for the constitutional monarchy.

Question 68

What were the goals and policies of King Louis Philipe?

Answer 68

interested in financial expansion and interested in business. The government modeled itself on the British way and wanted men who had means to run the government. The franchise was very narrow and elite

Question 69

What was the driving force behind discontent in France in the 1830s and 40s?

Answer 69

idea of universal suffrage would not go away. The middle class and working class are working together to get universal suffrage.

Question 70

What did the government do in response to demands of universal suffrage?

Answer 70

they banned public meetings where suffrage was on the agenda

Question 71

How did citizens get around the ban against meetings on suffrage?

Answer 71

they decide to throw dinner parties and then after dinner would be speeches and such on politics

Question 72

What led to the abdication of the throne by King Louis Philipe?

Answer 72

The government barred entry for the February 1848 Banquet. National guard members left their posts and joined the movement KLP felt he could not win if he tried to fight back so abdicates

Question 73

How does the first republic come to France?

Answer 73

When KLP abdicates, he suggests his grandson to take his place. Lamartin leads the fight that they should have a republic and they do

Question 74

What do the Liberals do to combat unemployment?

Answer 74

They institute workshops run by the government to employe people on public works In March 1848 in Paris alone 10,000 enrolled.

Question 75

Why are the workshops closed?

Answer 75

Lamartin comes to power from the April 1848 election. Felt he had a mandate to roll back the workshops because of expenses. ordered the workshops closed.

Question 76

What is the result of the closing of the workshops?

Answer 76

People showed up in June to do work but locked out. June 23-25 riots. The government had marshall law. 10,000 Parisians were shot, killed or wounded.

Question 77

What did the Liberal Bourgeoisie do in response to the June Days?

Answer 77

Felt their property was under threat by socialist forces | Demanded a change to the constitution to install a president with executive authority to prevent dissent again

Question 78

How are the special powers suggested by the liberal bourgeoisie taken advantage of?

Answer 78

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte uses this and comes to power in the fall of 1848 Installs himself as heredity emperor in 1851 He stays in power until his death in 1870s

Question 79

When is the 3rd republic installed?

Answer 79

France is finally able to set up a successful 3rd republic (1875-1941)