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HIST 008 > The Social Question > Flashcards

The Social Question Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between Middle Class and the Working Class?

A

the ability to consume the goods they provided to to community

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2
Q

Why does the term Middle Class emerge?

A

Middle Class is first used by bureaucrats to define those that were not part of the land-holding elite nor the lower classes who work with their hands. Includes rich banker and petty shopkeeper

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3
Q

What were 3 characteristics of the Middle Class?

A
  1. Most likely to reproduce themselves
  2. They beget children that will be great successes
  3. They have enough money to send children to school (not university)
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4
Q

What does the Industrial revolution do to farming?

A

Move away from subsistence farming to farming for the market

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5
Q

How did the French Revolution affect the British economy?

A

Prices grew from the French Revolution because the imports become a trickle

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6
Q

Why do the Corn Laws come about?

A

After the war ends in 1815, landholders don’t want to lose the increase.

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7
Q

Why were the Corn Laws able to be passed?

A

Both the House of Lords and the House of Commons all were part of the landed class and so they could put forth whatever they decided to do put forth.

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8
Q

What were the Corn Laws and their results?

A

kept prices artificially high for food commodities. As a result, food in Britain is much more expensive than it is on the continent.

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9
Q

What was farming like pre-industrial revolution?

A

Farming was on long strips so that a horse pull could pull in one long pull. The strips also were there to help distribute risk for subsistence farming.

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10
Q

What is the enclosure?

A

The change came to have large enough to be more efficient and enclosing fields. As well as pastures. They work together to swap strips to do this.

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11
Q

What was the effect of enclosure?

A

Landlords could charge more rent for larger farms
Not as many workers were needed for larger farms
Those that lost work immigrated to other countries or moved to urban areas

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12
Q

Where does the industrial revolution originally get its labor pool from?

A

Surplus population served as the labor pool for the industrial revolution. This starts the division of labor and the assembly line.

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13
Q

How did the assembly affect the working class?

A

This was a decline in specialized skills and that most people could do things. Men, women and children.

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14
Q

What were wages like at this time?

A

Because there were so many people and the production way of low skill meant that wages were extremely

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15
Q

What are some key characteristics of Industrial Cities?

A

1) Entire districts of the city were given to factories
2) This concentration also helped efficiency
3) High pollution
4) People that worked in factories lived in walking districts
5) The emergence of suburbs and income/living arrangements did not occur until the revolution

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16
Q

Why did the rich and poor live in the same area prior to the industrial revolution?

A

1) Rich people needed people to bring water and do domestic services
2) they also needed things from artisans and such
3) Everything had to be in one place
4) While this did not mean class harmony, but rich and the poor had the opportunity to encounter each other

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17
Q

What is the Parisian style for housing layout?

A
  1. Groundfloor is for shops
  2. 2nd floor is for the richest
  3. 3rd is for middle class
  4. And so on to 5 or 6th floors where they poor people are
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18
Q

What is the London style for housing layout?

A
  1. Big houses with wide paved streets and artisans and laborers lived behind them
  2. Large and small houses mixed together
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19
Q

How did the changing of living spaces change society?

A

1) segregation of housing leads to segregation of social groups
2) contributed to ignorance about how the other half lived

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20
Q

What is Engels history?

A

1820-1895 - He wanted to go to university, but his father said no and he was pull out of school at 16.
at 20 he had to serve in the military and was assigned to Berlin which full of intellectuals.
His father sends him to Manchester to do a 2 yr internship.
At retirement he puts all his efforts into revolution to render the businesses of his type obsolete

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21
Q

What causes wages to be so depressed?

A
  1. a great deal of people in need of jobs
  2. there is no need for skills
  3. the wages were so low, families could not afford to live on the men’s wages only
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22
Q

What were some of the things that threatened a working class family’s stability?

A
  1. Layoffs
  2. Work accidents
  3. Pregnancy
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23
Q

How do the Irish become competition?

A

1830s and 40s

  1. Potato famine
  2. Irish exporting food the poor can’t afford
  3. Because they are coming from such awful circumstances they are willing to take lower wages than the English
  4. This depresses wages further
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24
Q

What were conditions like for rural women and children prior to the industrial revolution?

A
  1. The work was seasonal
  2. Working on your on schedule allowed you to take breaks and do things that needed
  3. Women could take care of children when needed
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25
Q

What were conditions for women and children during the industrial revolution?

A
  1. Very regimented
  2. Had to be there on time every day with no flexibility
  3. 12 working days with breaks only when the foreman says for lunch
  4. The multitasking of women isn’t possible
  5. 12 hour days
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26
Q

What were the housing conditions of the working class?

A
  1. Most light is from the fireplace and so it is hard to see how dirty your place is
  2. house was damp because of the climate and there was only 1 brick thick walls that let in rain
  3. doesn’t dry out because of no ventilations
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27
Q

What was the issue of water for the working class?

A

Water was limited

  1. no way of throwing out waste except into the street
  2. clothes washing was infrequent
  3. water was often contaminated – collera emerges
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28
Q

How was the source of cholera determined?

A

Outbreaks from 1830s-60s

Then a physician plots the prevalence and sees that they are around water supplies and says the problem is the water

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29
Q

What was food quality like for the poor?

A
  1. Lack of availability and choice
  2. Prices are high for this poor quality food
  3. Workers were paid after their shifts on Saturdays
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30
Q

What was the diet of the working class?

A
  1. Large breakfast of bacon/sausage of eggs
  2. The often case was the men and some of the olde boys get meat
  3. the women and the kids have tea and bread and jam
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31
Q

What made tea, jam and bread popular to the working class?

A
  1. fast food
  2. women had no time to cook
  3. Tea is also heavily sweetened that they get some energy from the sugar and caffine from the tea
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32
Q

What was the health of the working class?

A
  1. Poor eye sights
  2. anemia
  3. rickety bones because of poor diet
  4. teeth were falling out because of high sugar intake
  5. Alcohol abuse is a big problem
33
Q

What is Engel’s idea of “social murder” ?

A
  1. that people are in these environs without any way out and starvation and other diseases
34
Q

What were the views of Malthus?

A

1766-1834
When population growth outstrips resources
Thought the best way to reduce the problem of poor people were to employ abstinence to slow the birth rate of the poor
The population would eventually start to die out and eat up the surplus labor pool
Shaped the re-writing of the poor laws of 1830s to make them less sympathetic to the poor

35
Q

What were the views of William Cobbett?

A

1763-1835
Said that the rapid move of people from the farm to the cities also increased the cost of living for people even that were left on the farm
The problem was not insufficient food supplies, but the tariffs and the corn laws that make things too expensive for the poor

36
Q

What was Richard Cobden’s plan to ease the desperate conditions of the poor?

A

Anti-Corn Law League (1839)
When food is too expensive, it inhibits his ability to be consumers
Cut the price of living, keeps wages at the same level, this will turn them into consumers and bring up more profits of the manufactures

37
Q

What was John Stuart Mill’s plan to ease the desperate conditions of the poor?

A

1806-1873
Thought the most important step to improve the social situation would be to implement education of children
There would also the abolishment of children under 13 working in mills
Believed in Unions

38
Q

What is The Social Question?

A

What to do about people with the rapid industrialization of Britain?

39
Q

What is meant by Capitalism in the 19th century?

A

he purpose of the economy was to generate wealth and money

40
Q

What is meant by Socialism in the 19th century?

A

the purpose of the economy in order to benefit the society and the individuals of the society

41
Q

What were 18th century indicators of a growing economy?

A

Mortality rates would be lower
People would marry and produce children
strong economy
sanitation was in place

42
Q

What was the alternative to Cobden’s ideas?

A

repeal the corn laws and to cut the wages of the workers. This would bring profits, but not help workers

43
Q

What was the 10 hour bill?

A

1847 - reduce the hours for women and children to 10hrs 5 days a week and 8 hours on Saturday and it passed with the support of the tories.

44
Q

What did Robert Peel have to say about the 10 Hr. bill?

A

opposed the 10hr Bill because it did not go far enough and it actually causes them to lose about 20% of their income and there was no way to improve this

45
Q

What was important about the abolishment of slavery?

A

1830s - It was a badge of honor that the slave trade had been abolished because it meant that their was a moral progress

46
Q

Who are the Chartists?

A

1840s
Loosely organized
A connection of working mens associations
Men who were more socially established
They pooled their money to help each other in deaths and hard times

47
Q

What is the People’s Charter?

A

1838
National petition of 1838 and demands
Petitions were sent to the House of Commons demanding suffrage and they refused to even read it
Petitions of 3.5 million people were sent in 1842 and they still refused to even read it

48
Q

What are Flora Tristan’s ideas?

A

1803-1844 She becomes a journalist and writes the workers union and said that the co-op movement would help women and the women and men had to work together because they were the disenfranchised majority

49
Q

What are the ideas of Louis Blanc?

A

1811-82 Best known for a book in 1839 which talked about the biggest problem of unemployment.
To provide co-operative situations where people could ban together and pool money they can make and sell things at reasonable prices.
Government would help with micro-financing

50
Q

What is Karl Marx’s history?

A

1818-83 - Through Gans an interpretation of Hegel’s ideas comes. Intellectual launching pad for Marx’s ideas.

51
Q

What were the views of Marx and Engels when they joined forces?

A 
The unfolding of economic political processes would eventually come to the point where the bourgeois would be overturned and no class would be ruled by another.
Believed history was linear and people will reach their full free potential
52
Q

What are the Poor Laws of the 1830?

A

Help to the poor
Based on the views of Malthus
Contingent on confinement in the work house with men and women separated

53
Q

What brings the repeal of the Corn Laws?

A

The Irish famine.

Irish starving at the same time of producing food

54
Q

What happened at the repeal of the Corn Laws?

A

The decline in the cost of living caused some manufactures to cut wages and this did not help things

55
Q

What were Mill’s views on education?

A

staunch supporter universal education. He proposes free primary for boys and free secondary for boys who pass an examine.

56
Q

What happened to Chartists that went on strike?

A

Chartists got together to organized strikes and labor unions which were all illegal at the time. In the earlier time people were imprisoned for 21 yrs or deported to Australia

57
Q

What is the background of the Comte de Saint -Simon?

A

1760-1825
One of the early proponents of socialism
Big Supporter of the American Revolution and the French Revolution

58
Q

What was the Comte de Saint-Simon’s views on the economy?

A

Saw the unfairness of the situation of the distribution of the gains
Capitalism is prone to economic down turns and destroyed entrepreneurs.
Markets were not stable.
Ill suited for projects of infrastructure that required long lasting, sustained investments.

59
Q

What was the goal of the followers of Saint-Simon?

A

ooking for ways to stabilize the economy. Also public-private co-operation to help

60
Q

What was the Neo-Jacobinism Movement?

A

called for democracy that addressed the issues of the working class. This would give rights to strike and union

61
Q

What was the problem with French Production?

A

more old fashion. Production of luxury goods. Small workshops and small numbers of workers, with the exception of places near Belgium and Paris.
Undercut by the British

62
Q

What was the “Bourgeois Monarchy”?

A

Also the July Monarchy spanned from 1830-1848.
Under King Louis Philipe
Large unemployment and misery, but this did not receive much attention from them

63
Q

What is the Polish Revolution?

A

s for liberty and should be an autonomous state after being partitioned prior to 1789 and finished off during French revolution disruptions

64
Q

What were the goals of the 1820, 1830 and 1848 Revolutions?

A

are inspired by the French Revolution, Demand basic liberties, against absolutism, demand for equality before the law
Some were to create a state of independence
the creation of a unified nation-state - Nationalism

65
Q

What caused divisions among revolutionaries of the 1800s?

A

Usually revolutionaries want both the Nationalist agenda and the French Revolution principles, but many find that one or the other is more important creating dissent

66
Q

What caused the Revolution of 1830 in France?

A

King Charles X was devoted to the emigres and wanted to install people where their were vacuums. He wanted to roll back the advances of the revolution.

67
Q

How does King Louis Philipe come to power?

A

Revolution 1830 this brings in King Louis Philipe for the constitutional monarchy.

68
Q

What were the goals and policies of King Louis Philipe?

A

interested in financial expansion and interested in business. The government modeled itself on the British way and wanted men who had means to run the government. The franchise was very narrow and elite

69
Q

What was the driving force behind discontent in France in the 1830s and 40s?

A

idea of universal suffrage would not go away. The middle class and working class are working together to get universal suffrage.

70
Q

What did the government do in response to demands of universal suffrage?

A

they banned public meetings where suffrage was on the agenda

71
Q

How did citizens get around the ban against meetings on suffrage?

A

they decide to throw dinner parties and then after dinner would be speeches and such on politics

72
Q

What led to the abdication of the throne by King Louis Philipe?

A

The government barred entry for the February 1848 Banquet.
National guard members left their posts and joined the movement
KLP felt he could not win if he tried to fight back so abdicates

73
Q

How does the first republic come to France?

A

When KLP abdicates, he suggests his grandson to take his place.
Lamartin leads the fight that they should have a republic and they do

74
Q

What do the Liberals do to combat unemployment?

A

They institute workshops run by the government to employe people on public works
In March 1848 in Paris alone 10,000 enrolled.

75
Q

Why are the workshops closed?

A

Lamartin comes to power from the April 1848 election.
Felt he had a mandate to roll back the workshops because of expenses.
ordered the workshops closed.

76
Q

What is the result of the closing of the workshops?

A

People showed up in June to do work but locked out. June 23-25 riots.
The government had marshall law.
10,000 Parisians were shot, killed or wounded.

77
Q

What did the Liberal Bourgeoisie do in response to the June Days?

A

Felt their property was under threat by socialist forces

Demanded a change to the constitution to install a president with executive authority to prevent dissent again

78
Q

How are the special powers suggested by the liberal bourgeoisie taken advantage of?

A

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte uses this and comes to power in the fall of 1848
Installs himself as heredity emperor in 1851
He stays in power until his death in 1870s

79
Q

When is the 3rd republic installed?

A

France is finally able to set up a successful 3rd republic (1875-1941)

HIST 008 (6 decks)

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