The Industrial Revolution Flashcards
What was the significance of Rothschild?
1840-1915 - Was elected as an MP, but could not take office because he is a jew because of the oath is specificity to Christian faith. Was elected 4 times before he could use his own oath.
What was the importance of Mendelssohn?
1729-86 - Despite accomplishments, he had barriers because he is a Jew. Two ideas to combat attacks on his Judaism: Idea that all religions were based on the golden rule. All religions deserved equal rights.
What is the important of Gans?
1797-1839 - PhD in Law, 1820, Was denied by the Law Dean to teach at University because they could not teach others or serve as good mentor. Eventually he gets to be a professor after he is baptized.
What was the important of Lessing?
1729-81philosophe and important to enlightened. Works with Mendelssohn to create a philosophy journal
What is Nathan the Wise?
play by Lessing. “What makes you a good Christian makes me a good Jew”
What put Jews in a unique position to excel?
They were more urbanized
More immune to infection than those moving to cities
Judaism valued learning (including literacy for women)
Family businesses tying to other businesses including railroad
Once barriers to equal opportunity stop, they are in a position to excel
What was the station of German-Jews in the 1870s?
as opposed to 1800 were more educated, upward mobility to middle class and such
What was the station of the French-Jews?
were the first to get equal religious rights, embraced the state, they were serving in the government and financial institutions. There was definitely still anti-semitism
When did Prussia give Jews legal equality?
1812
How did Britain deal with Jews?
Britain in 1829 a bill passes to have other religions allowed in political life, but not jews.
What were the restrictions put on Jews?
forced to required to live in ghettos
carnival celebrations
called jesus killers
only allowed to do certain jobs like money lending
wearing a yellow star when they leave the ghetto
Why was the problem with Jews converting to Christianity?
The idea was that baptism washed away the stain of being a Jew. Then some Jews stop converting because it does not gain them the respect
What brings the Rise of Race theory?
starts talking about the biologically inferior to others (of Jews). These negative things are passed down despite converting
What brought on the resurgence of anti-Semitism in the mid-19th century?
There was even a conference and spurred political movements against them. Suspicion that Jews were controlling the economy for their benefit.
What is the basics of the Industrial revolution?
mechanized system that made things very cheap for markets that weren’t there before
What were the 3 major contributors?
- the explosion of textiles and cotton
- The use of energy of coal
- Suddenly available pool of workers (i.e. women and children)
Why did England switch to coal for energy in the 18th century?
England had used up so much of it’s trees
Why didn’t Britain use water power?
Water power was seasonal and so was problematic because you could not really densely populate factories because there was only so much river space
What did tariffs do to the price of commodities in the beginning?
The take off of the economy because of the tariffs that protect the home market which made it cheaper to be home grown than imported
Why was it important for the British Navy to protect exports?
less was lost to pirates which hiked up the prices of what did make it to destinations. Made things cheaper.
What was the initial reaction of the middle class to falling prices of commodities?
The first instinct of the middle class is to save money, but if they are to build up things, they were not flashy about it because they did not want to give the idea of them buying above their station
What was the religious view on spending money?
The caution of consumerism was reinforced by religious lines. Avoiding indulgences
What was the Dutch Middle Class like?
They were good at saving and had great capital, but they also bought comforts. Things that were utilitarian AND pretty
How does Religions deal with the rise of commercialism?
Religious dissent to luxury begins to wan around the 1700s. They justify it as refining oneself
What is an example of the high price of clothes pre-revolution?
The middle class had so little clothes, were able to employe about 6 people which shows the price of textiles and labor
Who does fashion come into play?
This changes to a fashion pattern with the cheapness of textiles. In the late 18th century. You start to get new things every year
They create this idea of buying to be up to date, but not utilitarian need
What is consumerism of the working class?
Consumption does not go up for the lower working classes until the 1880s
