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tudors; instability and consolidation > the social impact of religious and economic change under mary i > Flashcards

the social impact of religious and economic change under mary i Flashcards

1
Q

What was public opinion on Mary coming into power and reverting back to Catholicism?

A

They seemed to welcome it, with enthusiasm from most as they produced large sums of money at great speed to devote to conservative religious projects.

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2
Q

What problems did Mary face at first regarding the change back to Catholicism?

A
  • Protestantism had attracted support in London and other parts of the South
  • The reformed Protestant Church was protected in statute law
  • Many members of the political elites had benefitted financially from the acquisition of monastic land and had no desire to give it back
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3
Q

What happened to the most prominent Protestant clergy when Mary came to the throne?

A

They were deprived of their livings, and in some cases, imprisoned.

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4
Q

What were foreign Protestants ordered to do when Mary came to the throne?

A

To leave the country, though most had done this voluntarily already.

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5
Q

When did the legislative attack on Protestantism begin?

A

In Mary’s first Parliament in October 1553.

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6
Q

What was decided in Mary’s first Parliament?

A
  • Religious law passed during Edward’s reign were repealed
  • Order of service at the time of Henry VIII’s death was restored
  • All clergy who’d married could be deprived of their livings
  • Legal status of the Church of England was upheld
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7
Q

Why did Mary face a dilemma when having to acknowledge that the original laws on royal supremacy passed during Henry VIII’s reign were legally valid?

A

It meant accepting that statute law held superiority over divine law, despite her own belief.

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8
Q

Why was the status of the Church not resolved until Mary’s 3rd parliament?

A

Because there was still issue over what should happen to the lands dissolved from monasteries which had fallen into private hands.

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9
Q

What had Imperial ambassador Renard informed Charles V about the ex-monastic land?

A

That it was in the hands of more Catholics than Protestants.

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10
Q

What did the Pope and Pole want the English Church to do? Who regarded this as politically impossible?

A

Submit to Rome before dispensations might be awarded to landowners on an individual basis.

The Council, Philip and emperor, Charles V were aware this wouldn’t work.

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11
Q

When did Cardinal Pole arrive in England?

A

November 1554.

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12
Q

Why did Cardinal Pole come to England in 1554?

A

To take up position as legate and Archbishop of Canterbury.

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13
Q

What did Mary do to the Henrician Act of Attainder that had been passed against Pole?

A

She reversed it in her third parliament.

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14
Q

What furious debates were there between Cardinal Pole and councillors?

A

Councillors asserted the belief that no foreigner could have jurisdiction over English property.

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15
Q

What was the Act of Repeal January 1555?

A

An act revoking the royal supremacy was passed.

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16
Q

Why was Pole made an object of suspicion among landowners?

A

Due to his grudging attitude towards the subject of Church property and his reputation never really recovered.

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17
Q

Who replaced Pope Julius III in 1555? Why was this an issue for Mary?

A

Paul IV, who was anti-Spanish and hostile towards her husband, Philip.

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18
Q

Why was Pope Paul IV suspicious of Cardinal Pole?

A

He regarded him as a heretic.

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19
Q

How was Pope Paul IV’s hostility towards Philip demonstrated?

A

In his open hostility towards the Spanish side in a war which broke out in 1555.

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20
Q

How did Mary find herself at war with the papacy?

A

She got dragged into the war by the Spanish in 1555.

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21
Q

How was Pope Paul IV’s attitude towards Cardinal Pole made clear?

A

Through Paul dismissing him as papal legate in April 1557.

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22
Q

What did Poles dismissal as papal legate mean?

A

He could no longer act on behalf of the Pope in his supervision of the English Church.

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23
Q

Who did Pope Paul IV name as a new legate?

A

William Peto.

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24
Q

How did Mary regard the new papal legate William Peto?

A

She trusted the previous legate, Pole, and so she refused to acknowledge the superior papal authority which placed Peto in a higher position in the English Church than the Archbishop of Canterbury.

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25
Q

Why has Mary received the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’?

A

As she gained a reputation of burning Protestant heretics.

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26
Q

Where was the fate of Mary’s victims recorded?

A

In Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’.

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27
Q

When was Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’ published?

A

1563.

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28
Q

What notion did Foxe’s book establish?

A

One that regarded the English as God’s elect (and Protestant) nation.

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29
Q

How many Protestants were burnt at the stake for heresy?

A

Around 280.

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30
Q

What famous bishop did Mary burn at the stake?

A

Archbishop Cranmer.

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31
Q

What had the first two burning victims caused?

A

A rise in widespread public sympathy.

32
Q

What had the burning of humble victims caused?

A

An even stronger sense of sympathy for the victims.

33
Q

How did the Council start to try and lessen the worrying effects of the burnings?

A

By banning servants, apprentices and the young from attending the burnings.

34
Q

What are the reasons that Mary’s burnings failed in extinguishing heresy?

A
  • She did not have enough time to implement everything properly
  • The extent of popular feeling/sympathy
35
Q

What needed to happen to the resources of the Church?

A

They needed to be restored, after nearly 20 years of erosion, and both the quality and quantity of priests needed to be improved.

36
Q

What expectations were made clear in Pole’s legatine synod of 1555-56?

A

Bishops were to reside in their dioceses, preach and oversee carefully the religious life of their parishes.

37
Q

What proposal was put forward in the spirit of Catholic Reformation but was never actually put into effect?

A

That each cathedral should have a seminary attached for the training of new recruits to priesthood.

38
Q

What limited the effectiveness of Pole’s reforms?

A

He did not have enough time, and it largely depended on the commitment at parish level.

39
Q

What areas could guarantee commitment to Pole’s reforms?

A

Catholic Lancashire and Durham.

40
Q

What areas could not guarantee commitment to Pole’s reforms?

A

Further south, in places such as Kent.

41
Q

What was religion like within London?

A

Very mixed, some parishes re-embraced Catholicism enthusiastically but some were virtually in ruins.

42
Q

What is the overall consensus of Mary’s progress in religion during her reign?

A

That she did not complete what she had set out to do, and that the delay in restoring the Church’s institutional structure and the divisions between Crown and Papacy affected her effectiveness in religious reform.

43
Q

What was a key long-term factor in increasing inflation?

A

The continued pressure on demand brought by the rapid increase in population.

44
Q

What was a key medium-term factor in increasing inflation?

A

The debasement of coinage.

45
Q

Why were severe food shortages brought about in 1556 and 1557? What was the effect of this?

A

Due to harvest failures, which then put a severe strain on real wages for the poor as inflation increased further.

46
Q

What was the form of influenza that swept through the country in 1557-58 and had the largest death toll in the century?

A

The ‘sweating sickness’.

47
Q

What had the Duke of Northumberland sought to improve regarding the Crown’s finances?

A

The administration of the Crown’s finances by setting up a commission to investigate the shortcomings of the system and to recommend reforms.

48
Q

Why were Northumberland’s financial recommendations never implemented?

A

Due to the premature death of Edward.

49
Q

What did the Court of Exchequer do as a financial reform?

A

Took over both the Court of First Fruits and Tenths and the Court of Augmentations, but in the process adopted some of the more recent courts’ superior methods.

50
Q

What was one big mistake that Mary had made financially?

A

She had remitted the final part of Edward’s last subsidy.

51
Q

What happened to royal indebtedness during Mary’s reign?

A

It rose, but not dramatically for a country at war in the later stages of her reign. It was actually quite satisfactory.

52
Q

How was the long-term security of the Crown’s finances boosted by Mary?

A

Through her plans for recoinage drawn up from 1556-58, but were implemented during Elizabeth’s reign.

53
Q

What did Mary’s Book of Rates do?

A

It showed the detailed customs that were to be implemented upon imports and exports, the revenue of which went to the Crown.

54
Q

Why were the years 1556-58 dreadful years for the people?

A

There was a huge mortality rate from the influenza epidemic, and there were a series of harvest failures, and taxation was high in order to pay for war against France.

55
Q

What law had Mary placed emphasis on in becoming more active in poor relief?

A

The enforcement of laws against grain hoarders, with strong encouragement to convert pasture land to tillage.

56
Q

When had the Wyatt’s rebellion been planned?

A

In November 1553.

57
Q

What were the plans of the Wyatt’s rebellion?

A

There were to be 4 simultaneous risings in:
- Devon
- Hertfordshire
- Leicestershire
- Kent

58
Q

What happened to the plans of the Wyatt’s Rebellion in January 1554?

A

They had been leaked, forcing the rebels into action.

59
Q

Which was the only area that had a serious rising in the Wyatt’s Rebellion?

A

Kent, with a force of about 3000 men.

60
Q

What were rebels’ motives for the Wyatt’s rebellion?

A
  • Some were motivated by religion
  • Xenophobia (fear or dislike of foreigners)
  • The royal marriage between Mary and Philip
  • Decline in the cloth industry
  • Some gentry who’d lost office had been attracted
61
Q

What had been the main grievance of the Wyatt Rebellion?

A

The proposed royal marriage.

62
Q

What was the implicit objective of the Wyatt Rebellion?

A

To get rid of Mary, though some got confused on whether Lady Jane Grey would be restored to the throne due to her father’s involvement in the rebellion.

63
Q

Why was the Wyatt Rebellion significant?

A
  • It showed that although Protestants were a minority, they could not be ignored
  • Demonstrated the extent of opposition to the royal marriage
  • Resulted in the execution of Lady Jane Grey
64
Q

What happened to Elizabeth after the Wyatt’s Rebellion?

A

She was confined to the Tower, as Mary believed she was aware of the rebel’s intentions. She was later released when this could not be proved.

65
Q

Why were Gardiner and Paget not interested in finding out the full truth in whether Elizabeth was involved in the Wyatt’s Rebellion?

A
  • Gardiner didn’t because of his links to Courtenay
  • Paget didn’t because he knew that Elizabeth was likely to be queen one day, and didn’t want to alienate her
66
Q

What happened to humanism during Mary’s reign?

A

It had showed very little influence. The Catholic Church seemed to want to distance itself away from humanism.

67
Q

What were Pope Paul IV’s opinions on Catholic Humanist Erasmus?

A

He regarded him as a heretic, and his works were placed on the Catholic Index of Prohibited Books.

68
Q

Why was religious thought in Marian England designed at a more practical level?

A

To assist the process of Catholic reform at a parish level.

69
Q

What did the Bishop of London’s publish of ‘A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine’ explain?

A

The faith at a straightforward level.

70
Q

What else did the Bishop of London publish?

A

A Book of Homilies to replace the that of which had been published by the Edwardian Church.

71
Q

What factor was Pole keen to express the importance of?

A

Papal Supremacy, despite Paul IV’s hostility towards him.

72
Q

Why were the Protestants a divided group?

A

There were division between those who were happy to use the 1552 prayer book and those who wished to move in a more radical direction.

73
Q

Which individuals led a movement to a more radical approach involving resistance to the Catholic regime?

A

John Knox and Christopher Goodman.

74
Q

What did Foxe spend most of his exile doing?

A

Gathering materials for his ‘Book of Martyrs’ which was given official approval in Elizabeth’s reign.

75
Q

How was William Whittingham’s translation of the Bible regarded?

A

With suspicion by many Church authorities after 1558.

tudors; instability and consolidation (8 decks)

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