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tudors; instability and consolidation > elizabeth i; character and aims > Flashcards

elizabeth i; character and aims Flashcards

1
Q

How old was Elizabeth when she succeeded the throne?

A

25, considerably younger than Mary had been.

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2
Q

What differences in character and experience were the between Elizabeth and Mary?

A

Elizabeth was considerably better educated, and had a much sharper grasp of political processes. She also had a more shrewder judge of character.

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3
Q

What area of government did Elizabeth take an informed interest in?

A

The decision-making process.

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4
Q

Why did Elizabeth insist on taking the most important decisions?

A

To preserve the prerogative powers of the Crown.

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5
Q

What were some of Elizabeth’s key short-term aims?

A
  • Consolidate her position
  • Settle religious issues
  • Pursue a peaceful settlement with the French
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6
Q

When did Mary die?

A

In the early hours of 17th November 1558.

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7
Q

Who had told Elizabeth that her accession had arrived?

A

Sir William Cecil.

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8
Q

What were Mary’s councillors aware of when Elizabeth came to power?

A

That she did not share their religious views, with many guessing that their political careers were over.

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9
Q

Why did Mary’s councillors make no effort to interfere with the lawful succession?

A

Mary had recognised that it’d be Elizabeth who would succeed her, and Philip had signified his own recognition of Elizabeth being the rightful successor.

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10
Q

Why was Elizabeth succession difficult in other respects?

A

They had suffered a series of bad harvests, with food being scarce and expensive. The country had also suffered grievously from a flu epidemic. England had also fought a disastrous war against France and lost Calais. It was also clear that religion was going to change once more.

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11
Q

What did Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor, do on the morning of Mary’s death?

A

He announced Mary’s death to Parliament and proclaimed Elizabeth’s succession.

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12
Q

What were the problems with Nicholas Heath’s announcement?

A

He legally had no right to do so. Parliament should have been immediately dissolved.

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13
Q

Why was Nicholas Heath’s announcement a political move?

A

It showed that the political elite assented to Elizabeth’s accession.

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14
Q

How many of Mary’s councillors rode to Hatfield to assure Elizabeth of their loyalty?

A

9.

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15
Q

Who was appointed principal secretary?

A

William Cecil.

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16
Q

What other appointments did Elizabeth make at the beginning of her reign?

A

Some household appointments, but she did not announce any further appointments in order to keep Mary’s chancellors guessing about her intentions, and speculating about their chances of retaining some royal favour.

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17
Q

When did Elizabeth get coronated?

A

On 15th January 1559, 2 months after Mary’s death - a quick proceeding.

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18
Q

How had Elizabeth gained some measure of international confirmation?

A

The Spanish ambassador had already visited Elizabeth several days before Mary’s death, and after her accession had tried to broker a marriage alliance between Elizabeth and Philip.

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19
Q

What did the prospect of a marriage alliance from Philip of Spain demonstrate?

A

This showed that Philip was unwilling to do anything to disrupt the smoothness of Elizabeth’s succession.

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20
Q

What were the 2 key aspects of forming the religion that the country would experience?

A

The legal status of the Church and the liturgical books to be used in church services.

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21
Q

What were the possibilities that the new established church would be?

A
  • ‘Anglo-Catholic’ Church, where doctrines and practices remained essentially Catholic but rejected papal supremacy
  • Apparently moderate Protestant Church similar to that implied by the Act of Uniformity 1549
  • More radically evangelical church as implied by act of uniformity 1552
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22
Q

What did the Elizabethan settlement of 1559 create?

A

A ‘via media’, meaning middle way, between Catholicism and Protestantism.

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23
Q

How was the middle way established?

A

Through 2 Acts of Parliament (the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity), issuing of a set of royal injunctions to enforce the Acts, to meet liturgical needs, and through the publication of a new Book of Common Prayer.

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24
Q

What did the Act of Supremacy 1559 do?

A

It restored in law the royal supremacy in the Church which had been established in Henry VIII’s reign and then removed under Queen Mary.

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25
What changes were made under the Act of Supremacy 1559?
- Papal supremacy which had been restored by statute law under Mary was rejected - Reformation legislation of Henry VIII's reign was restored - Heresy law under Mary was repealed - Royal visitation powers of the Chuch were revived - Described Queen Elizabeth as 'supreme governor' rather than 'supreme head' of the Church - Oath of supremacy was to be taken by clergymen and church officials
26
What did royal visitation rights of the Church allow to happen?
The Crown could appoint commissioners to 'visit, reform, order, correct and amend all such errors, heresies, and abuses'.
27
Why did Elizabeth change the title to 'supreme governor' of the Church?
Could have been due to misogynistic attitudes towards a woman being head of the Church, and/or a reflection of the assumption that only God could be the head of the Church.
28
What did the Act of Uniformity 1559 do?
Specified the use of a single Book of Common Prayer, which was a modified version of the second and strongly Protestant book that Cranmer had introduced in 1552.
29
What 2 modifications were made to the Book of Common Prayer?
- Variations in Eucharistic belief were possible in the 1549 wording and the 1552 wording derived from the beliefs of the Swiss reformer Zwingli, were permitted. - The 'Black Rubric' which had been included in the 1552 prayer book to explain the practice of kneeling at the administration of the Eucharist, was ommitted.
30
What else did the Act of Uniformity 1559 do? Why did this become an issue of contention?
Specified that such ornaments of the church and of the ministers should be that of what was in place in Edward's 2nd year, therefore before his passing of the Act of Uniformity 1549. Many returning Protestant exiles assumed her dating was an error and didn't expect this part of the new Act to be enforced. Many Calvinists saw the 'ornaments' as 'Popish' and so objected strongly to them.
31
What were the royal injunctions 1559?
A set of instructions about the conduct of church services and government of the Church issued in the queen's name as supreme governor.
32
What did the first injunction in 1559 do?
Made clear the Protestant character and emphasised the suppression of Catholic practices, and the need to plant true religion.
33
What did the injunctions emphasise?
That the Eucharist be administered at a simple Communion table rather than at the altar. This gave a clear signal that religious practice should move in direction of reform.
34
What did the injunctions call for the removal of?
All things 'superstitious' such as traditional Catholic practices like pilgrimages and the use of candles.
35
What were the injunctions of 1559 an attack on?
Like the 1547 ones, they were an intended attack on Catholic practices.
36
What were all parishes required to purchase in addition to the royal injunctions of 1559?
They were required to purchase an English Bible and a copy of Erasmus's Paraphrases.
37
What did the injunctions reflect about Elizabeth?
Her personal ideologies.
38
What was the dominant interpretation put forward by John Neale about the settlement?
That the queen faced pressure from radical clergymen and their allies in the House of Commons, the 'Puritan Choir'. He says the queen had to back down and accept a more Protestant prayer book + settlement than she'd wanted.
39
Which 3 American Historians challenged Neale's interpretation about the settlement?
- William Haugaard - Winthrop Hudson - Norman Jones
40
What did William Haugaard argue about the settlement?
That Elizabeth saw the settlement as final rather than to further reform, like Neale suggested. This ideology therefore made many of Elizabeth's religious controversies explicable in this light.
41
What did Winthrop Hudson argue about the settlement?
That Elizabeth and her ministers always intended the settlement to be firmly Protestant and did not have serious intention to restore the first Edwardian prayer book, but appearances had to be maintained to keep support in the conservative House of Lords.
42
What did Norman Jones suggest about the settlement?
That Elizabeth and her ministers wanted a complete religious settlement from the start. He said the political opposition did not come from the Puritan Choir but from Catholic bishops and conservative peers, who begrudgingly accepted the restoration of royal supremacy, they provided more opposition to the uniformity act.
43
Who was England in conflict with when Elizabeth came to the throne? How had the war been going?
France. The war had been going badly for England as they lost Calais and it severely weakened their finances.
44
What peace treaty was concluded between Elizabeth, Philip II and Henry II of France in April 1559?
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis.
45
What were the terms of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?
France would retain Calais for 8 years, by which England would have it restored if they kept their peace over this period. If France failed to return Calais, they'd pay England £125,000.
46
When did Henry II of France die? Who succeeded him and why was this an issue for Elizabeth?
In June 1559. He was succeeded by his eldest son Francis II, who was married to Mary, Queen of Scots, the main Catholic claimant to the English throne, and Elizabeth's cousin.
47
What faction was brought to power in France with Francis II's succession?
The strongly Catholic Guise faction.
48
What did the Guise seek to do with Scotland?
Use them as an instrument of French policy, sending troops to garrison major Scottish fortresses.
49
Why were the French troops in Scotland a problem for John Knox and his political allies, the Lords of the Congregation?
He was the leader of the Scottish Reformation, and he and his allies were seeking power in Edinburgh.
50
Why did Elizabeth loathe John Knox?
He'd published 'the monstrous regiment of women' which justified why he believed women were not fit to rule and it was against nature.
51
Why was Cecil supportive of Knox and an intervention in Scotland?
He sympathised with the religious predicament of Scottish Protestants and he knew England would be more secure without French influence on the border. He also sought the removal of Mary, Queen of Scots as it would weaken her potential as a Catholic claimant to the English throne, and he also wanted to incorporate Scotland into a wider British State.
52
How popular was Cecil's view to intervene in Scotland?
Not very popular, even his normal ally and brother-in-law, Nicholas Bacon, opposed this.
53
How did Cecil persuade Elizabeth to intervene in Scotland?
He played on her insecurities, and used his own resignation as a threat if she didn't support him.
54
What was intervention in Scotland initially limited to?
Just sending money and armaments.
55
How did intervention in Scotland change in December 1559?
The navy was sent to the Firth of Forth to stop French reinforcements from landing.
56
What treaty offered conditional support to the Lords of the Congregation in February 1560? What happened the next month?
The Treaty of Berwick, and in March 1560, an army was sent north.
57
What did the army and navy do in Scotland in March 1560?
They blockaded Leith from both land and sea, which was just outside of Edinburgh and where most French forces were stationed.
58
What were the results of the siege in Scotland?
It failed but different circumstances required the French to withdraw; French fleet had been severely damaged by storm and their regent, Mary of Guise had died.
59
What did French withdrawal in Scotland mean for Cecil?
He was able to secure favourable terms in the Treaty of Edinburgh in July 1560.
60
What happened to the Lords of the Congregation as a result of French withdrawal?
They were accepted as a provisional conciliar government.
61
When did Francis II of France die? What did this result in?
In December 1560, which resulted in the Guises falling from power and Mary Queen of Scots had to return to Scotland.
62
What was Mary Queen of Scots forced to accept upon her return to Scotland following the death of Francis?
She had to accept the political and religious power of her enemies.
63
What was Elizabeth conscious of after Cecils' triumph over Scotland?
That much of the success had been achieved through luck and that she would have to proceed more cautiously in the future.
64
What conflict broke out in France in March 1562?
Conflict between Catholics and Protestants.
65
What did Robert Dudley encourage Elizabeth to do regarding the Catholic-Protestant conflict in France in 1562?
He encouraged her to put military pressure on the French Crown when it was in a relatively weak state, in order to ensure a return of Calais.
66
What did Elizabeth promise the Huguenot leader, Prince of Conde?
6000 men and a loan of £30,000, with control of Le Havre as security.
67
What happened to the Huguenot army?
They were defeated and Conde was captured.
68
What happened to the Duke of Guise on the Catholic side of the French conflict?
He was assassinated, leaving both side leaderless.
69
What did the leaderless Protestant and Catholic sides in France agree to do?
Accept a peace treaty and unite to drive England out of Le Havre.
70
What did the English have to after the French sided to rid of them?
Seek unfavourable peace settlement in the Treaty of Troyes in 1564.
71
What did Elizabeth lose in the Treaty of Troyes in 1564?
She lost Calais permanently and also the security she had gained from the Cateau-Cambresis treaty. The blow to her prestige was huge as well.
72
Why could losing Calais have been an advantage in the long run?
Maintaining it had proved expensive.
73
What happened to Elizabeth's foreign policy mindset after huge loss in France 1564?
She became much more cautious about supporting Protestant causes in Europe.

tudors; instability and consolidation (8 decks)

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