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Psychology applied to health > The Social Cure Approach to Understanding Health and Illness > Flashcards

The Social Cure Approach to Understanding Health and Illness Flashcards

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1
Q

Our social capital has reduced. (ref)

A

Putnam (2000)

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2
Q

If you belong to no groups but decide to join one, you cut your risk of dying over the next year by ________.

A

50%

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3
Q

Lacking social connection may be as damaging for health as smoking _______ cigarettes a day (ref).

A

15

Holt-lundstadt (2010)

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4
Q

If you have few connections, why may giving up smoking be bad for you?

A

Because people smoke in groups and socialise in smoking areas.

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5
Q

PICO Holt-lundstadt et al (2010) meta analysis.

A

P = 148 studies N = 300,000
O = social relationships are sig. related with survival. survival is also linked to loneliness and perceptions of support.
Loneliness is a greater health risk than other well known factors e.g. obesity & inactivity.

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6
Q

Social groups offer _______ to form ________.

A

opportunities, meaningful connections (collective sense of self)

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7
Q

Sharing experiences e.g. of symptoms can be extremely __________.

A

Valuable

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8
Q

A growing body of work highlights the role played by group membership in structuring our health experiences (ref).

A

Haslam et al (2009)

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9
Q

Group membership is critical for _______ and _______.

A

Giving meaning to health experiences (providing a sense for sense making), providing a normative env. which structures and regulates our behavioural decisions.

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10
Q

Who developed social identity theory/social cognitive theory? (ref)

A

SIT - Tajfel & Turner (1979)

SCT - Turner et al (1987)

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11
Q

What do SIT and SCT look to explain?

A
  • relationship between self and the group
  • inter-group behaviour (prejudice and discrimination)
  • complexity, richness and variety of the social world
  • how our group memberships structure our relationship with the world.
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12
Q

Social identity is a frame of reference: social identity gives us a ________, _________ and a ________.

A

Sense of belonging
Source of self esteem
Source of support

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13
Q

Social identity is a frame of reference: What is BIRGing and CORFing and who studied them? (ref)

A

BIRGing = Basking in reflected glory
CORFing = cutting off reflected failure
Cialdini et al (1976)

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14
Q

Social identity is a frame of reference: In his classic study of 1976, what did Cialdini find? (BIRGing).

A 
P = 7 U.S schools/football fans
I = study 1 looked at apparel  on Monday after a big game the results were -> sig. more students wearing stash after a win, than after a loss.
I = study 2 gave fake pos/neg general knowledge test feedback, then asked students to describe the outcome of a recent game. results -> neg group more likely to use 'we' for a win and 'they' for a loss, which shows we are more likely to BIRG and CORF when our own identity is under threat.
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15
Q

Social identity is a frame of reference: Groups are central to our ability to engage effectively with the social world (ref).

A

Haslam (2009)

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16
Q

Social identity ‘value’ is relative: We compare our groups with relevant others. This may be driven by _______ but often leads to ________.

A

Knowledge needs

Bias

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17
Q

Social identity ‘value’ is relative: Therefore the SIT and SCT give a theory of _______ and ___________

A

Prejudice

Interpersonal relations

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18
Q

Social identity is fluid: Social identity is _______ dependant.

A

Context

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19
Q

Social identity is fluid: We can access ______ identities at a time.

A

Various

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20
Q

Social identity is fluid: Our salient identity influences how we ________.

A

Behave and see social world

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21
Q

Social identity is fluid: Empathy for someone in need depends on our _______ to them.

A

Relationship (in group/out group)

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22
Q

Social identity guides behaviour: social identities _______ and _______ values and behaviour.

A

Prescribe

Describe i.e. they tell us what we should be doing and what other in group members are doing.

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23
Q

Social identity guides behaviour: people adhere to _______ especially when ______ is important to them.

A

group norms

social identity

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24
Q

Social identity guides behaviour: categorising _____ members as _______ inc. ________.

A

Outgroup
Ingroup
empathy

25
Q

Social identity guides behaviour: social identity guides behaviour in _______ as much as other behaviours.

A

Health

26
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Describe Levine et al (2005) study

A

Study of MUFC fan behaviour.
DV = number of fans who helped
IV = victim identity
Results -> when the victim was wearing a LFC shirt, 30% participants helped them. when the victim was wearing a MUFC shirt, 92% people helped them.
Further studies -> showed if you manipulated the salience of football fan/mufc fan identity this moderated the outcome.

27
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: What inferences can be made from Levine et al’s (2005) study?

A

More likely to help and be helped by people we share an identity with.
Social identity structures how we experience other peoples health symptoms.

28
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Who found evidence that illness labels operate in a similar way to group labels? interns of self categorisation. (ref)

A

St Claire et al (2008)

29
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Who hypothesised that self categorisation in terms of illness labels should lead to symptom perceptions in line with that label? (ref)

A

St Claire et al (2008)

30
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Describe St Claire et al’s (2008) study - PICO

A 
P = N 60 participants (cold sufferers) 
I = cold prime or no cold prime
O = cold sufferers report more intense cold symptoms this effect was qualified by the prime i.e. those primed to focus on the cold reported more intense symptoms.
31
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Implications of St Claire et al’s (2008) study

A

Illness labels (social identity) inform our perception of existing symptoms.

32
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Who looked at whether self categorisation/social connections also structure the development of illness symptoms? (ref)

A

Cohen et al (1997)

33
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Outline the procedure used by Cohen et al (1997).

A

N = 276 healthy volunteers -> baseline measures of demographics, health practices and social network diversity -> given a rhino virus (cold causing infection) -> then blind assessors tested for symptoms.

34
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Outline the results found by Cohen et al (1997).

A

Those more social ties were less susceptible to cold, as assessed by subjective self report and objective mucus production. This was not explained by other factors.

35
Q

Experiencing health symptoms: Outline the implications of Cohen et al’s (1997) study.

A

Bio health accounts are structured by health categorisation. This may explain why some people repeatedly seek medical advise, for which others would see as trivial.

36
Q

Give an example of categorisation on the part of Healthcare professionals (representativeness bias)

A

Chest pain in middle aged men is taken more seriously than women, as men this age stereotypically associated with heart problems.

37
Q

Social support: define social support and give a ref.

A

Social interaction/relationships that provide actual assistance or with a feeling of attachment to a person/group, that is perceived as loving/caring. Hobfol & Stokes (1988).

38
Q

Social support: who conducted a meta analysis of 88 studies on the relationships between SS, health and coping?

A

Schwarzer & Leppin (1991)

39
Q

Social support: What were the findings of Schwarzer & Leppins (1991) meta analysis?

A

Most studies reported pos correlation between SS and health (r less than .43). Some reported neg (r less than -.17) small overall effect.

40
Q

Social support: Why might there be a neg correlation between SS and health?

A

Interpersonal conflict is the biggest daily stressor. Bolger (1989)

41
Q

Social support: Give evidence for the negative effects of social conflict on health

A

Cohen (1998) found social conflict was related to inc. cold symptoms following virus exposure.

42
Q

Social support: What was the conclusion of Schwarzer & Leppin’s meta analysis (1991)?

A

Perception of support is critical, in the context of SIT social support is structured by the nature of the relationship between provider and recipient.

43
Q

Social support: Give 3 pieces of evidence why support form the ingroup is more likely to be experienced as supportive

A
  1. Trust in group members more (Hornsey et al 2002)
  2. Empathise more with ingroup (Tarrant et al 2009)
  3. More likely help and be helped by ingroup (Levine 2005).
44
Q

Social support: In terms of social identities clinical interactions represent ________.

A

intergroup relationships.

45
Q

Behavioural Decisions: Describe Oyserman et al’s (2007) study

A

Looked at health inequalities across minority and majority groups in the U.S.

46
Q

Behavioural Decisions: Describe findings of Oyserman et al’s (2007) study.

A

Minority and low income groups consider eating healthily and exercise as outgroup behaviours, and more health fatalistic ‘some healthy, others die young’
For these groups, health is not ingroup normative.

47
Q

Behavioural Decisions: Who looked at whether manipulating social identity can help to inc. health behaviours?

A

Tarrant & Butler (2010)

48
Q

Behavioural Decisions: PICO Tarrant and Butlers 2010 study.

A 
P = 50 British students
I = social identity prime 'study of students/british people' (students identity is associated with greater risk taking)
O = Identity relevance of reducing salt intake/alcohol consumption and intention to perform these actions.
49
Q

Behavioural Decisions: Results of Tarrant and Butlers (2010) study.

A

Student group = rated reducing salt intake/alcohol intake within safe limits as less health relevant and rated lower on intentions to perform these actions than those in the nationality group.

50
Q

Behavioural Decisions: Implications of Tarrant and Butlers (2010) study.

A

Different social identities prescribe different orientation towards health. Activating meaningful health affirming identity can activate health promoting cognitions, however intention does not = behaviour.

51
Q

Behavioural Decisions: Identify two studies which have looked at whether invoking social identity can encourage healthy behaviours.

A
  1. Tarrant, Khan and Qin (2015) Making healthy identities salient/creating new ones
  2. Postmes et al (2005) Changing the content of social identity.
52
Q

The stronger ones psychological connection to a group the more likely one is to adhere to the groups ________.

A

Norms

53
Q

When group norms don’t value _______ neg _______ ________ follows and vice versa.

A

Health

Health orientation

54
Q

Who conducted a systematic review of 10 studies looking at online health promotion interventions?

A

Maher et al (2014)

55
Q

What were the findings of Maher et al’s (2014) systematic review?

A

Modest evidence for the effectiveness of online HP interventions. 9/10 studies reported some kind health behaviour improvement, however effect sizes generally small and non sig.

56
Q

Who looked at social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the lifespan?

A

Yang et al (2016)

57
Q

Describe Yang et al’s 2016 study, what were there findings?

A

Looking at data from 4 longitudinal U.S studies they found higher degree of social integration was associated with reduced risk of physiological dysregulation in a dose response manner, in early and later life.
Social isolation inc. risk of inflammation in adolescence and had a big effect on hyper-tension in old age.

58
Q

We trust ingroup members more: Describe the study by Hornsey et al. (2002)

A

They gave participants positive and negative statements about the in-group (Australians) and varied the source of the statements as in/outgroup (Australian/british). The results were that participants rated the negative outgroup statements as harsher and showed lower agreement and more sensitivity. This demonstrates that we trust the motives of ingroup members more.

59
Q

We have more empathy for the ingroup: Describe Tarrant et al’s (2009) study

A

N = 370

1. University students report more empathy and intention to help individuals from an ingroup than an outgroup uni

Psychology applied to health (6 decks)

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