Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology applied to health > Bias > Flashcards

Bias Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Cognitive expectancies about an out group are…

A

Stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

‘All people with obesity lack self control’ this is a…

A

Stereotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

…. Is an emotional reaction to someone on the basis of group membership.

A

Prejudice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

‘People with obesity disgust me’ is an example of what?

A

Prejudice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

…is the behavioural demonstration of stereotyping and prejudice.

A

Discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the context of health care, discrimination is…

A

Denial of equality of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inequality in healthcare is seen in…

A

Access to treatment and outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who experience increased death and disability and reduced productivity as a result of reduced access and treatment?

A

Minority groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

…has declined sharply over the past 50 years.

A

Trust in the medical profession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The media means we are more aware of…

A

Medical errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Decreased trust in the medical profession may be in part due to…

A

An increase in patient centred care approaches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Experience of bias may be an additional factor in…

A

Reduced trust in the medical profession.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give two examples of groups routinely stigmatised outside of health care

A

Obese people and disabled people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the impacts of obesity stigma on health?

A

Depression, anxiety, low self esteem and perpetuation of eating problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

… Is central to how obese people feel about themselves.

A

Experience of bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the outcomes of stigma for disabled people

A

Social isolation and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Institutional bias is…

A

Bias that is inherent to the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The NHS’ first guiding principle is:

A

Equitable treatment regardless of race, ethnicity etc. Is a patient right’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If you get to a stage of obesity where your health is at real risk, you may be eligible for…

A

Bariatric surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A requirement for before getting bariatric surgery is…

A

Losing five percent of your body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The arbitrary figure of 5% weight loss for bariatric surgery is routinely justified with what argument?

A

It is necessary to shrink your liver and the health programme prepares people for life after surgery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does NICE say about bariatric surgery, which differs from practice?

A

NICE says we should give bariatric surgery more routinely and to people with lower BMI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name a group who routinely experiences institutional bias in healthcare

A

Older adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Older adults are less likely to get the medication and tests they need (ref?)

A

Callahan et al., 2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Older adults are less likely to report experiencing positive clinical interactions (ref?)

A

Hajjij et al., 2010

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

With an aging population, we would expect older people to receive…

A

More input from health care professionals and more access to treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The BMJ editorial on institutional racism in mental health had how many participants?

A

32000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The BMJ editorial on institutional racism in mental health found that … Percent of inpatients are BME, while only … Percent of the population is BME

A

21, 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

BME mental health patients are more likely to…

A

Be sectioned, stay in hospital for longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

BME HCPs are…

A

Concentrated in lower paid jobs and over represented in cases of misconduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Personality mediated bias is…

A

Individually based differential treatment on the basis of group membership, at the level if the 1:1 clinical interaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Give an example of how elderly people are excluded from health promotion.

A

GPs are more likely to advise improved health behaviours (not smoking, drinking less, eating more healthily, exercising) to younger patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which age group is excluded from drug and BCI trials?

A

80+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What did the 2003 IOM report find?

A

BME patients receive fewer procedures and poorer quality care, even when accounting for variations, e.g. Insurance, disease severity, income and education, which are known to affect healthcare.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Endorsement of stereotypes…

A

Has decreased dramatically over the past few decades.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

___________ found that social norms are correlated with prejudice.

A

Crandall et al., 2002

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Based on Crandall et al’s (2002) findings, it is clear that explicit expression of discrimination is structured by

A

Social norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do the GMC principles say about bias?

A

Doctors must not refuse or delay treatment because they believe a patients actions have contributed to their condition. Doctors must not unfairly discriminate against patients by allowing their personal views to affect the treatment they provide or arrange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Most doctors enter the profession to…

A

Help people. I.e. They are not deliberately biased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Bias with in medicine is predominantly…

A

Implicit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Implicit bias is typically assessed using the…

A

IAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The IAT measures…

A

How strongly people associate social categories with positive/negative evaluations/stereotypes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In the IAT, bias is measured through…

A

Speed of responding to paired associations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Slower responding in the IAT…

A

Indicates slower processing, presumably of pairs which are inconsistent with expectation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

At graduation, all doctors…(ref?)

A

Take the Hippocratic oath, vowing to respect and treat all patients as individuals. (Chapman, 2013)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Implicit pro-White bias has been demonstrated across cultures from the age of… (Ref?)

A

3 years old. (Baron et al., 2015)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

As we age our______bias decreases but our ______bias stays the same (ref?)

A

Explicit, implicit (baron et al., 2015)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Who gave evidence for reducing institutional bias through increased bias literacy?

A

Carnes et al., (2012)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What did Carnes et al. (2012) do/find/give a limitation.

A

Bias literacy workshop with 200 university staff, interviewed 24 between 4 and 6 months later/75% demonstrated increased bias awareness and intended to or had changed their behaviours as a direct result of the workshop. This study did not assess the effects of bias literacy on implicit institutional bias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What were the three main areas of bias research in HC, identified by chapman et al. (2013)

A
  1. Bias in health care professionals
  2. The effects of bias on treatment
  3. The effects of bias on patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Bias in HCPs: implicit bias against obese people in qualified doctors does not correlate with explicit bias (ref?)

A

Schwartz (2003)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Bias in HCPs: implicit racial bias in qualified doctors is not correlated with explicit bias (ref?)

A

Sabin (2008)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Bias in HCPs is also seen at the trainee level (ref?)

A

White-means (2009)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

While implicit bias is present across society it is…

A

Arguably more of a problem in health care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The effects of bias on treatment: chest pain vignette study, black or white, asked to rate …… And recommend ……(gree, 2007)

A

Pain and treatment (green, 2007)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The effects of bias on treatment: chest pain vignette study, black or white, pain was rated… (Ref?)

A

The same for both - no sign of explicit bias. (Green, 2007)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

The effects of bias on treatment: chest pain vignette study, black or white, treatment recommended was…(Green, 2007)

A

More often thrombosis is for white than black patients - evidence of implicit bias in treatment. (Green, 2007)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The effects of bias on patients: White and black patients are deemed to have similar pain levels but are differentially recommended to receive pain medication (ref?)

A

Todd (2000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Relatives of black end-of-life patients rate care quality lower. (Ref?)

A

Welch et al. (2005)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Non white patients evaluate consultations as less satisfactory (ref?)

A

Barr (2004)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Bias in doctors is positively associated with being evaluated as…(ref?)

A

Less warm and friendly (Penner et al., 2010)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Implicit bias in doctors is associated with…(ref?)

A

Lower patient satisfaction (Cooper et al., 2012)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

_______ resources are important in explaining why bias occurs in health care.

A

Attentional

64
Q

Who introduced the idea of the cognitive miser?

A

Fiske & Taylor (1984)

65
Q

What does ‘cognitive miser’ refer to?

A

The human propensity to do ‘just enough’ mental work to function

66
Q

Relying on stereotypes is __________ than forming individualised impressions.

A

Mentally easier.

67
Q

Stereotype based impressions are ____________ that are not likely to be true for everyone.

A

over-simplifications/heuristics

68
Q

There is, however, a ______ for group based processing.

A

Valid role

69
Q

Activation of a stereotype is…

A

perceiving someone in terms of their category membership rather than individual attributes = when stereotypes are triggered.

70
Q

Stereotype application is…

A

Treating someone based on category membership (e.g. expressing bias - discrimination)

71
Q

_________ (e.g. through word completion tasks) takes up attentional resources and can inhibit stereotype activation (ref?)

A

Cognitive loading (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991)

72
Q

If cognitive loading occurs at the same time as a ________, this increases the likelihood that stereotypes are activated.

A

Perceiver goal

73
Q

What is a perceiver goal?

A

When a person has a goal in any given situation which is to do with fulfilling their own identity needs.

74
Q

What perceiver goal may occur in a clinical situation?

A

The doctor’s salient ‘doctor’ identity may activate the goal of role performance as a doctor, leading to ready activation of stereotypes.

75
Q

Who conducted a review on the application of stereotypes?

A

Sherman et al., (1996)

76
Q

The application of stereotypes is ________ and requires little _______. (ref?)

A

Automated, effort (Sherman et al., 1996)

77
Q

Individuation is _______ and compromised by ______. (ref?)

A

effortful (resource heavy), high cognitive load (Sherman et al., 1996).

78
Q

It can take considerable effort no to _______ stereotypes once they are _______.

A

apply, activated (Sherman et al., 1996)

79
Q

Participants who were not under high cognitive load could readily inhibit application of active stereotypes, those under cognitive load couldn’t - even when they were motivated to do so. (ref?)

A

Wyer et al. (2000)

80
Q

What factors contribute to doctors cognitive load? (Particularly applicable in A&E settings)

A

Little is known about patients, they are responsible for multiple patients at once, they have to make urgent decisions and decisions about urgency, complex decision making is required.

81
Q

What kinds of things contribute to the complexity of doctors decision making/cognitive load? (Ref?)

A

Patient preference, history, test ordering decisions, interpreting test results, treatment options and knowledge, allocation of resources, costs, administration responsibilities. (Croskerry, 2002)

82
Q

Who wrote a review on the five pitfalls in decisions about diagnosis and prescribing?

A

Klein (2005)

83
Q

What are the five pitfalls in diagnosis and prescribing? (Ref?)

A

The representativeness heuristic, availability bias, overconfidence, confirmatory bias and illusory correlation (Klein, 2005).

84
Q

What is representativeness heuristic?

A

‘If something is similar to other things in a category it belongs in that category’

85
Q

Name and describe a study of the representativeness heuristic

A

Kahneman & Tversky (1973) study - 30% engineers, 70% lawyers.

86
Q

Name and describe a study which demonstrates the representativeness heuristic in nursing (Ref?).

A

Brannon & Carson (2003) nurses given description of patient symptoms (MI or Stroke) with or without extra information (recently fired or smelt of alcohol). Both trainee and qualified nurses were more likely to make the diagnosis when the extra information was not included. Demonstrates the use of representativeness heuristics.

87
Q

What is availability bias?

A

The tendency to look for evidence that fits the most available stereotype and omit important information that doesn’t.

88
Q

Give an example of availability bias in medicine (REF?)

A

Poses (1991) Recent exposure to caring for patients with bacteraemia made doctors more likely to judge future patients as having bacteraemia.

89
Q

What recommendation does Klein (2005) make for minimising representativeness bias in clinicians?

A

It is important to be aware of base rate occurrences of diseases at bring this to bear in decisions.

90
Q

What recommendation does Klein (2005) make for minimising availability bias in medicine?

A

Clinicians should try to be aware of their susceptibility to this bias and consider whether the information they are using to make judgements is relevant or just salient.

91
Q

Give an example of overconfidence in medicine (ref?)

A

Primary care doctors and oncologists rated their ability to manage pain highly, despite demonstrating shortcomings in attitudes and knowledge about pain control (Larue et al., 1995)

92
Q

What recommendation does Klein (2005) make for minimising overconfidence in medicine?

A

Clinicians should be aware of and address the limits of their knowledge.

93
Q

How does the GMC contribute to the management of overconfidence in clinicians.

A

The GMC guidelines require physicians to identify and address their own CPD needs.

94
Q

In what situation is it useful to rely on heuristics?

A

When we have high cognitive load.

95
Q

Most of the time heuristics are _________ but sometimes they can cause problems and lead to _________

A

useful/errors.

96
Q

According to the Institute of Medicine report (date?) BME patients receive fewer ________ and ________ care.

A

(2003) procedures, poorer quality.

97
Q

Measures of discrimination are inversely related to multiple indicators of ________. (ref?)

A

disease and poor health practices. (Williams & Wyatt, 2015).

98
Q

Exposure to discrimination is associated with increased risk of ________ (ref?)

A

CVD, hypertension and MHP (Williams & Wyatt, 2015)

99
Q

Perceived discrimination leads to ______________ (ref?)

A

decreased help seeking and adherence (Williams & Wyatt, 2015).

100
Q

In order to improve the health out comes for diverse populations we need to… (ref?)

A

Raise awareness, enhance diversity in healthcare and use policy to increase opportunity and acceptability of health promoting behaviours as within the in-group behaviour repertoire (Williams & Wyatt, 2015).

101
Q

Reducing bias - in clinical training, a lot of effort is put in to make sure that doctors are…

A

equitable, compassionate and competent.

102
Q

Reducing bias - there is evidence that simply _________ of cognitive biases is a positive step towards tackling them (ref?)

A

being aware of (Beck, 2011)

103
Q

Simply raising awareness of bias only addresses stereotype _________ and not ________.

A

application/activation.

104
Q

Work has shown that identifying bias as a ‘natural _________’ is a good way to encourage doctors to override it (ref?).

A

habit of mind (Green et al., 2007).

105
Q

Reducing bias - what is decategorisation? (ref?)

A

One area of efforts to reduce bias. It is about encouraging doctors to adapt an interpersonal rather than intergroup focus. Perceiving the other as an individual and making a complex personal impression. (Brewer and Miller, 1984).

106
Q

Reducing bias - __________ is a strategy which is difficult to apply in a busy clinical setting.

A

Decategorisation

107
Q

Reducing bias - Outside of healthcare, training people to ________ has been shown to reduce bias. This may help with decategorisation in HCPs (REF?)

A

differentiate between outgrip faces (Lebrecht et al., 2009).

108
Q

Reducing bias - what is stereotype suppression? (ref?)

A

One tactic for reducing bias. It is about ignoring stereotypes that are activated. (Monteith et al., 1998)

109
Q

Reducing bias - What is the problem with stereotype suppression? (REF?)

A

In order to suppress, we first need to activate. Research suggests that activation and then suppression leads to increased accessibility of the suppressed concept later (rebound effect) (Macrae et al., 1994).

110
Q

Reducing bias - What is recategorisation?

A

This strategy for reducing bias aims to alter the salient basis for categorisation.

111
Q

Reducing bias - What is the first approach to recategorisation?

A

Cross categorisation - raising awareness of shared group membership

112
Q

Reducing bias - What is the second approach to recategorisation?

A

Common in-group identity - raising salience of a broader superordinate category

113
Q

the strategy of _________ has influenced successful programmes which reduce bias. These programs have positive effects on the _______ and ______ underpinning bias (ref?). (Not yet really shown in health care)

A

Recategorisation. Cognitions/motivations (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000).

114
Q

Reducing bias - what is perspective taking? (ref)

A

This has been used in healthcare training and is about imagining the other persons situation (Galinsky & Moskowitz, 2000)

115
Q

Reducing bias - What are the effects of perspective taking? (ref?)

A

Promotes a sense of self other ‘oneness’, promotes empathy (Batson et al., 1997).

116
Q

Reducing bias - What are the effects of perspective taking in health care (positive) (ref?).

A

Nurses offer equal pain relief to minority/majority patients after a perspective taking task (Drwecki, 2011).

117
Q

Reducing Reducing bias - What are the effects of perspective taking in health care (not positive) (refsx2?).

A

Perspective taking only works for those not committed to the in-group (Tarrant et al., 2012).
Anticipation of being evaluated in an intergroup encounter can lead perspective taking to backfire (Vorauer et al., 2009).

118
Q

Preliminary research suggests you can target implicit social biases using __________ during _______ (ref?).

A

cognitive bias modification/sleep (Hu et al., 2015).

119
Q

Practising _________ can reduce implicit race and age bias (ref?).

A

Mindfulness meditation (Luke & Gibson, 2015).

120
Q

Selective treatment - when is it acceptable?

A

Transplants offered you children and young adults as a priority.

121
Q

Being actively patient centred involves _________ and improves ______________(ref?).

A

Including patients in clinical decisions/ adherence and better outcomes (Robinson et al., 2008).

122
Q

In older people _______ is treated as less serious (Ref?).

A

Depression and suicidality (Uncupher, 2000)

123
Q

In older people ___________ is offered less frequently (ref?).

A

Breast cancer surgery (Madan, 2006).

124
Q

Showing picture of ____ black and _____ whites reduces pro-white implicit bias. (ref?)

A

admired/disliked (Dasgupta & Greenwald., 2001).

125
Q

Women who regularly see a female doctor are more likely to have had ______________ (ref?)

A

A mammogram/cervical smear (Franks & Clancy, 1993).

126
Q

Female physicians show less implicit ______ bias (ref?)

A

gender (Sabin et al., 2009).

127
Q

Trust in the medical profession has declined: In 1966 _____% of US population said that they had great confidence in leaders of the medical profession, by 2014 this had fallen to _____% (REF?)

A

75%/23% (Blendon et al., 2014)

128
Q

Who reported that GPs were more likely to ask about smoking and alcohol consumption habits, and more likely to give advice about smoking to 55 year olds than to otherwise identical 75 year olds presented to them on video clips?

A

Arber et al. (2004)

129
Q

Older adults are less likely to get the specialist care they need. Describe Bond et al.’s (2003) study.

A

They performed an analysis of 712 case notes and found that older patients with ischemic heart disease, and with indications for further treatment, were less likely to be referred for exercise tolerance tests, angiography and cardiac catheterisation.

130
Q

Describe Baron et al’s (2015) study on bias as we age.

A

They tested explicit (self report) and implicit (IAT) racial bias in 6 year olds, 10 year olds and adults. There was implicit and explicit bias in 6 year olds, implicit and less explicit in 10 year olds and implicit but virtually no explicit in adults.

131
Q

Bias in HCPs: Describe Scwartz (2003) study on implicit/explicit anti-fat bias.

A

Study among 389 qualified doctors (obesity specialists). IAT and explicit self report bias measure showed implicit pro-thin/anti-fat bias, this was moderated by personal characteristics namely: lower levels of anti fat bias were associated with - being male, being older, having obese friends, being heavier and expressing understanding of the experience of obesity.

132
Q

Bias in HCPs: Describe Sabin’s (2008) study on implicit/explicit racial bias.

A

Paediatricians associate European American patients more strongly with ‘compliant patient’. They also showed general pro-white bias (though less so than other types of doctors) and this was not correlated with explicit self report of bias.

133
Q

The effects of bias on treatment: Describe Bogarts (2001) study on black patients and associations with HIV non-adherence

A

New medications for HIV reduce mortality and morbidity but require strict adherence. Physicians must make decisions about disease severity and likelihood of adherence when deciding to start a patient on treatment. 495 doctors, surveyed by mail, responded to clinical scenarios depicting HIV-positive patients and indicated whether they would start patients on medication (response rate = 53%). Physicians predicted that African American men would be less likely to adhere, and they were less likely to start them on treatment.

134
Q

The effects of bias on patients: Describe Todd’s (2000) study on the differential analgesic treatment of white and black patients

A

217 patients, of whom 127 were black and 90 were white. White patients were significantly more likely than black patients to receive ED analgesics (74% versus 57%,) despite similar records of pain complaints in the medical record. This effect persisted after controlling for multiple confounders and echoed earlier work by the authors on biased treatment of Hispanic patients.

135
Q

The effect of bias on patients: Give more information about Welch et al’s (2005) study of end of life care.

A

Across 22 states, family members of AA patients were statistically less likely than whites to rate the care received as excellent or good (N = 1,447)

136
Q

The effect of bias on patients: Give more information on Barr’s (2004) study of patient satisfaction as a function of race.

A

Five hundred thirty-seven primary care patients selected at random from those entering a medical office. The 4-item, physician-specific scale indicated that nonwhite patients were less satisfied than white patients with their direct interaction with the physicians included in the study.

137
Q

Describe the findings of Penner et al’s (2010) study re: aversive racism.

A

Black patients had less positive reactions to medical interactions with physicians relatively low in explicit but relatively high in implicit bias, compared with all other combinations of high/low explicit/implicit bias.

138
Q

The effect of bias on patients: Give more information on Cooper et al’s (2012) study on patient satisfaction as a function of race.

A

a cross-sectional study of 40 primary care clinicians and 269 patients. Implicit race bias, race and compliance stereotyping were measured, these were then related to audio tape recordings of visits and patient ratings. Among Black patients, general race bias was associated with more clinician verbal dominance, lower patient positive affect, and poorer ratings of interpersonal care; race and compliance stereotyping was associated with longer visits, slower speech, less patient centeredness, and poorer ratings of interpersonal care.

139
Q

Describe the evidence from Gilber and Hixon (1991) that cognitive loading can inhibit stereotype activation.

A

Experiment 1 - Participants saw a video of either a white or an asian research holding up cards with the beginning of words on them, which could be completed either stereotypically or not. Those who were not cognitively busy were more likely than those who had to rehearse an 8-digit number simultaneously to make stereotypical words.

140
Q

Describe the evidence from Gilber and Hixon (1991) that cognitive loading can enhance stereotype application.

A

When stereotype activation was allowed to occur, busy Ss (who performed a visual search task during their exposure) were more likely to apply these activated stereotypes than were not-busy Ss). This may go some way to explaining the negative perceptions of aversive racists - they are perhaps trying and failing to suppress implicit racism, and therefore this means it is activated.

141
Q

Stereotype activation is more likely when a perceiver goal is present: Stangor et al (1992) found that processing goals affected categorisation on the basis of ___________.

A

Clothing style

142
Q

Stereotype activation is more likely when a perceiver goal is present: Spencer et al (1998) showed that…

A

even resource-depleted perceivers are capable of activating categorical knowledge structures, if such activation can enhance their feelings of self-worth/self-image.

143
Q

It can be extremely difficult not to apply stereotypes, even when we are motivated not to, if we are cognitively busy. Describe Pendry & Macrae’s (1994) study

A

Participants who were made outcome-dependent on their impressions of a woman were more likely to identify individuating information about her, but only when not cognitively busy.

144
Q

Stereotypes can dissipate with ____________. (REF?)

A

Lengthy encounters (Kunda, 2002)

145
Q

Availability bias: Give more detail about Poses’ (1991) study.

A

Subjects of the study were 227 medical inpatients in a university hospital who had blood cultures done. Estimates of the probabilities that individual patients would have positive blood cultures were collected from the house officers who ordered the cultures. Those who had been in most contact with bacteraemia recently gave greater probabilities.

146
Q

Overconfidence: Give more detail about LaRue’s (1995) study.

A

Telephone study of 600 PCPs and 300 oncologists, Although 85% of primary care physicians and 93% of medical oncologists express satisfaction with their own ability to manage cancer pain, 76% of primary care physicians and 50% of medical oncologists report being reluctant to prescribe morphine for cancer pain.

147
Q

Decategorisation: Describe Prati et al’s (2016) studies (1 and 2)

A

Study 1 showed that perceiving members of a rival university along multiple versus simple categorical dimensions enhanced the tendency to attribute human traits to this group. Study 2 showed that multiple versus simple categorization of immigrants increased the attribution of uniquely human emotions to them. This effect was explained by increased individuation of the outgroup and reduced outgroup threat.

148
Q

Decategorisation: Describe Lebrecht et al’s (2009) study in more detail

A

Two groups of caucasian participants were exposed to the same AA faces over 5 sessions. In the individuation condition, subjects learned to distinguish between the faces, in the categorisation condition they were required to categorise them as AA or non-AA. The individuation group showed improved distinguishing between novel AA faces, they also showed decreased implicit racial bias. These two outcomes were also significantly correlated, suggesting improved ability to individuate was the driver of reduced bias.

149
Q

Recategorisation: Who developed the ‘Common Ingroup Identity’ model?

A

Gartner and Dovidio (2000)

150
Q

Recategorisation: Identify and describe a study which gave empirical support for the Common Ingroup Identity model.

A

Nier et al (2001) conducted a field experiment conducted at the University of Delaware football stadium. Interviewers (either White or Black) approached White football fans wearing either a home team hat (the common ingroup identity condition) or an away team hat (the control condition). Football fans complied with Black interviewers more when the interviewer was wearing the home team hat, suggesting that (Black) outgroup members were treated more favourably when they were perceived to share a more inclusive common ingroup identity.

151
Q

Perspective taking: Describe Wandner et al’s (2015) study

A

In a virtual reality experiment, 96 physicians took part and were more likely to rate pain higher and prescribe opioids after a brief perspective taking intervention.

152
Q

Perspective taking : Describe the findings of Tarrant et al (2012)

A

Compared with less committed members, those who identified highly with the in-group used a greater number of negative traits to describe the out-group following perspective taking. Such perspective taking also led participants with high in-group identification to judge the out-group less favorably.

153
Q

Novel ways to decrease bias: Describe Hu et al’s (2015) study

A

40 participants processed counter stereotype information paired with one sound for each type of bias. During subsequent sleep, a specific sound was played unobtrusively for each participant, corresponding bias was reduced - this was maintained at 1 week follow up.

154
Q

Novel ways to decrease bias: Describe Luecke’s (2015) study

A

Mindfulness for reducing bias. Participants listened to a mindfulness or control audio then completed age and race IATS, mindfulness group showed decreased age and race bias, supporting evidence that mindfulness can help people to rely less on previously established associations.

155
Q

Depression and suicidality are treated as less serious in older populations: Describe uncupher’s (2000) study.

A

A vignette study of 215 primary care providers. The patient presented with depression and suicidality, the only difference was half of them got a patient who was 38 and half 78. The physicians in this study recognized depression and suicidal risk in both the adult and the geriatric vignette, but they reported less willingness to treat the older suicidal patient compared with the younger patient.

156
Q

Breast cancer surgery is offered to 90% of 50-70 year olds but only 58% of over 70s (ref?)

A

Madden et al. (2006)

157
Q

Superordinate recategorisation and empathy: Describe Tarrant and Header’s (2010) study

A

Participants read a scenario in which an out-group member (socially stigmatised group) talking about being in that group. they were then asked to describe their feelings towards this group and another group. Experiencing empathy for the stigmatised group created positive attitudes which generalised to other group - but only if the other group was from the same superordinate category.

Psychology applied to health (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions