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Brain Function and Malfunction > The social brain > Flashcards

The social brain Flashcards

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1
Q

2 reasons for humans not living in social groups

A

in transition

psychopathology

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2
Q

adapting brain for social behaviour

A

brain size increases

neocortex

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3
Q

Dunbar’s number

A

number of relationships you can maintain

150 for humans - related to brain size

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4
Q

Who deduced the Machiavellian intelligence theory?

A

Whiten and Byrne 1988

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5
Q

Machiavellian intelligence theory

A

primates live in hierarchies
position relies on deception and co-operation
innovate and learn from others
reproductive success - genes for higher social intelligence

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6
Q

social intelligence

A

Intelligence specific to interpersonal relationships
ability to know ones self and others
social judgement, emotional understanding, read others intentions and meaning, self-awareness

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7
Q

domain specific learning vs domain general learning

A

Domain-specific learning theories - humans learn different types of information differently, and have distinctions within the brain for many of these domains

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8
Q

theory of mind domain specific or general?

A

specific

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9
Q

TOM

A

theory that others have thoughts

attribution of thought processes to others to understand and predict their behaviour

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10
Q

acid test of TOM

A

false belief

eg chocolate in cupboard

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11
Q

Part of brain - TOM

A

medial PFC

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12
Q

5 main processes in medial PFC

A 
action monitoring
self-knowledge
person perception 
mentalising
outcome monitoring
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13
Q

false belief vs false acid test

A

false belief - LTPJ

false photo - RTPJ

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14
Q

Why is TOM more than just inference?

A

put aside immediate perceptual experience and replace with something more cognitively derived
aware of own thought
inner voice
mental time travel

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15
Q

modelling action-emotion relationships: the social brain areas

A 
STS - action observation, visual network
insula - feelings
OFC and amygdala
posterior cingulate - episodic memory
PFC
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16
Q

STS - where are they and what do they fire in response to?

A

temporal cortex
fire in response to face view and gaze direction
facial gestures

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17
Q

Early action representation in visual/temporal cortex

A

STS activated by movements of eyes, mouth, hand etc
also by static images of face and body
sensitive to implied motion
stimuli that signals actions of another individual
STS, OFC and amygdala

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18
Q

Who discovered mirror neurons?

A

Rizzolatti et al 1996

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19
Q

Rizzolatti - mirror neurons, explain

A

F5 (premotor cortex) and PFG neuron
fire while watching something happen and doing
link up perception and doing

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20
Q

Main mirrors in brain

A

Inferior frontal gyrus
premotor and motor cortex
TPJ
inferior parietal sulcus

21
Q

Mirror neurons basic info

A

code form of action in relationship to goal
multi-modal = fire in response to seeing and doing/feeling
shared experiences eg emotional values

22
Q

what may mirror neurons allow for?

A

imitation - copying an action in context of its goal

23
Q

what may mirror neurons underpin?

A

imitation
stimulation TOM
joint attention

24
Q

what problem do echopraxia and echolalia indicate?

A

execute control not imitation

25
Q

what is proposed at the origin of abnormal cascade of development?

A

dysfunction of control of mirror neuron

26
Q

what does anterior cingulate gyrus respond to?

A

value of other’s actions

27
Q

anterior cingulate gyrus receives inputs from where?

A

action observation network
reward systems eg striatum
internal state evaluation eg amygdala, insula

28
Q

transmission of pain signals to the brain

A

up brainstem - thalamus

on to insula, PFC, anterior cingulate

29
Q

experiencing pain of others

A

insula

Anterior cingulate

30
Q

Von Economo (spindle) neurons - where?

A

in hominids confined to anterior insula, anterior cingulate and PFC

31
Q

Von Economo (spindle) neurons - what?

A

adaption for large brain
convergent evolution
rapid information transmission for social behaviour

32
Q

oxytocin

A

social hormone from AP

uterine contraction, lactation

33
Q

oxytocin and autism

A

deficient?
needed for bonding
receptors in hypothalamus, amygdala and anterior cingulate
small influence on social anxiety and emotional attribution test

34
Q

3 main group clusters of autism behaviours

A

reciprocal social interaction
social and emotional communication
restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour

35
Q

reciprocal social interaction problems

A

fail to respond to others emotions
lack facial expression and social smiling
no seeking to share

36
Q

impairments in communications

A

poor use of social language
inflexibility of language eg echolalia
lack of make believe play

37
Q

restricted, repetitive stereotyped behaviours

A

unusual preoccupations
verbal rituals
adherence to routines and rigid habits
motor stereotypies

38
Q

preverbal symptoms of autism

A

poor eye contact, lack of directed facial expression, poor joint attention, lack of pretend play

39
Q

verbal symptoms

A

poor conversation
lack of empathic gesture
circumscribed interests

40
Q

main predictor of outcome

A

IQ

41
Q

causes of autism

A

genetic: 64-91%

epigenetics

42
Q

1st degree relatives broader phenotype

A

OCD, anxiety, depression, language impairment, careers in computing/mathematics

43
Q

autism questionnaire

A

social responsiveness scale

44
Q

autism epidemic

A

increased recognition
broader phenotype spectrum
assortive mating

45
Q

list some theories of autism

A 
TOM
executive function 
male brain - testosterone
amygdala theory
mirror neurons
5HT, immune, GABA/glutamate
46
Q

TOM theory in autism

A

less successful in TOM compared to downsyndrome or younger children
delay in TOM development

47
Q

Executive function theory

A

social behaviour variable and places demand on behavioural flexibility
poor performance in reversal learning task

48
Q

what memory is improved in autism?

A

semantic

49
Q

increased and decreased learning - behaviours

A

increased - simple, subcortical, reward systems

decreased - flexible, goal-directed, cortical mechanisms

Brain Function and Malfunction (7 decks)

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