Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain Function and Malfunction > Limbic system, memory, amnesia & dementia > Flashcards

Limbic system, memory, amnesia & dementia Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

4 parts of the limbic system

A

cortical areas - cingulate gyrus, olfactory cortex
amygdala
hippocampus
mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the main things associated with the amygdala and the hippocampus

A

amygdala - fear

hippocampus - memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus link the limbic system with?

A

endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of limbic system

A

regulates emotions and memory formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main brain areas involved in memory formation

A

MTL
hippocampal formation
adjacent and connect cortical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

areas of hippocampal formation involved in memory formation

A

cornu ammonis (CA1-3)
dentate gyrus
subiculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parts of the adjacent and connect cortical areas involved in memory formation

A

entorhinal cortex
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

case of HM

A

epilepsy - focal MTL lesion
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
short term memory and motor intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

skills used to demonstrate the case of HM

A

mirror drawing

rey-ostereith figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 MTL memory hypotheses

A

immediately store info, temporary buffer and ultimate storage in cortex
long term memory store in hippocampal formation with links to the cortex established during relearning or memorising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

experiments testing MTL hypotheses

A

drugs to test acquisition and retention - lidocaine and TTx

support hypothesis 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is hippocampal activity necessary for encoding or retrieving spatial memory or both?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

declarative memory

A

episodic and semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

non-declaritive memory

A

priming, habits, skills, implicit memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what types of memory is the hippocampal formation crucial for?

A

episodic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is neurodegenration and what happens?

A

ageing - nature and nurture
protein folding and aggregation
oxidative stress and calcium dishomeostasis
inflammation
loss of trophic factors and neuronal death

17
Q

% of AD over 65 and over 85

A

10% and 50%

18
Q

Areas of decline in AD

A

mental function, memory, acquired intellectual skills, orientation, abstract thinking, judgement

19
Q

where are beta amyloid plaques and tau tangles found?

A

ba - outside cell and tau tangles inside cell

20
Q

4 protein aggregations found in proteinopathies

A

beta amyloid
tau tangles
alpha synuclein
TDP-43

21
Q

ABC score

A

thal stage - amyloid deposition
braak stage
CERAD neuritic plaque score

22
Q

amyloid genetics

A

APP chromosome 21

trisomy 21

23
Q

risk genes of AD associated with…

A

amyloid production, transport and clearance
inflammation
metabolic function
cytoskeleton function

24
Q

cholinergic hypothesis

A

reduced ChAT - synthesis of Ach
lose cholinergic neurons
affect hippocampus and cortex

25
Q

where are the majority of cholinergic neurons lost in AD?

A

nucleus basalis of meynert

26
Q

AD neurotransmitters affected

A

glutamate, NE, serotonin

27
Q

FFT EEG

A

most commonly used approach for spectral decomposition
heavily contaminated by noise
destroys info about time

28
Q

spectral decomposition

A

separate out the frequencies and powers of the contributors

29
Q

AR EEG

A

uses previous data points to predict next points
ignores noise
time resolved

30
Q

AR in AD

A

resting EEG slowerd - decreased high power and increased low power

31
Q

what does the slowing magnitude of AR correlate with

A

MCI –> AD

32
Q

low frequency waves AR

A

delta - brain at rest

33
Q

high frequency waves AR

A

beta-gamma : early in disease

34
Q

Genetic risk factors - APOE

A

2% population have extra copy of APOE4 - greater risk of AD

35
Q

current key hypotheses - neurodegeneration and memory loss in AD

A 
APP processing and BA neurotoxicity
hyperphosphorylation of Tau
oxidative stress, ageing, metabolism
diet 
metals
36
Q

lifestyle risk factors

A

smoking, heart disease, depression, poor diet

?head trauma, infection, toxins

37
Q

diagnosing AD

A 
physical exam
cognitive testing 
brain imaging
eeg 
genetics 
blood and CSF
post mortem

Brain Function and Malfunction (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions