Limbic system, memory, amnesia & dementia

Question 1

4 parts of the limbic system

Answer 1

cortical areas - cingulate gyrus, olfactory cortex
amygdala
hippocampus
mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

Question 2

what are the main things associated with the amygdala and the hippocampus

Answer 2

amygdala - fear

hippocampus - memory

Question 3

what do the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus link the limbic system with?

Answer 3

endocrine system

Question 4

function of limbic system

Answer 4

regulates emotions and memory formation

Question 5

Main brain areas involved in memory formation

Answer 5

MTL
hippocampal formation
adjacent and connect cortical areas

Question 6

areas of hippocampal formation involved in memory formation

Answer 6

cornu ammonis (CA1-3)
dentate gyrus
subiculum

Question 7

Parts of the adjacent and connect cortical areas involved in memory formation

Answer 7

entorhinal cortex
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal formation

Question 8

case of HM

Answer 8

epilepsy - focal MTL lesion
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
short term memory and motor intact

Question 9

skills used to demonstrate the case of HM

Answer 9

mirror drawing

rey-ostereith figure

Question 10

2 MTL memory hypotheses

Answer 10

immediately store info, temporary buffer and ultimate storage in cortex
long term memory store in hippocampal formation with links to the cortex established during relearning or memorising

Question 11

experiments testing MTL hypotheses

Answer 11

drugs to test acquisition and retention - lidocaine and TTx

support hypothesis 1

Question 12

is hippocampal activity necessary for encoding or retrieving spatial memory or both?

Answer 12

both

Question 13

declarative memory

Answer 13

episodic and semantic

Question 14

non-declaritive memory

Answer 14

priming, habits, skills, implicit memories

Question 15

what types of memory is the hippocampal formation crucial for?

Answer 15

episodic

Question 16

what is neurodegenration and what happens?

Answer 16

ageing - nature and nurture
protein folding and aggregation
oxidative stress and calcium dishomeostasis
inflammation
loss of trophic factors and neuronal death

Question 17

% of AD over 65 and over 85

Answer 17

10% and 50%

Question 18

Areas of decline in AD

Answer 18

mental function, memory, acquired intellectual skills, orientation, abstract thinking, judgement

Question 19

where are beta amyloid plaques and tau tangles found?

Answer 19

ba - outside cell and tau tangles inside cell

Question 20

4 protein aggregations found in proteinopathies

Answer 20

beta amyloid
tau tangles
alpha synuclein
TDP-43

Question 21

ABC score

Answer 21

thal stage - amyloid deposition
braak stage
CERAD neuritic plaque score

Question 22

amyloid genetics

Answer 22

APP chromosome 21

trisomy 21

Question 23

risk genes of AD associated with…

Answer 23

amyloid production, transport and clearance
inflammation
metabolic function
cytoskeleton function

Question 24

cholinergic hypothesis

Answer 24

reduced ChAT - synthesis of Ach
lose cholinergic neurons
affect hippocampus and cortex

Question 25

where are the majority of cholinergic neurons lost in AD?

Answer 25

nucleus basalis of meynert

Question 26

AD neurotransmitters affected

Answer 26

glutamate, NE, serotonin

Question 27

FFT EEG

Answer 27

most commonly used approach for spectral decomposition heavily contaminated by noise destroys info about time

Question 28

spectral decomposition

Answer 28

separate out the frequencies and powers of the contributors

Question 29

AR EEG

Answer 29

uses previous data points to predict next points ignores noise time resolved

Question 30

AR in AD

Answer 30

resting EEG slowerd - decreased high power and increased low power

Question 31

what does the slowing magnitude of AR correlate with

Answer 31

MCI --> AD

Question 32

low frequency waves AR

Answer 32

delta - brain at rest

Question 33

high frequency waves AR

Answer 33

beta-gamma : early in disease

Question 34

Genetic risk factors - APOE

Answer 34

2% population have extra copy of APOE4 - greater risk of AD

Question 35

current key hypotheses - neurodegeneration and memory loss in AD

Answer 35

``` APP processing and BA neurotoxicity hyperphosphorylation of Tau oxidative stress, ageing, metabolism diet metals ```

Question 36

lifestyle risk factors

Answer 36

smoking, heart disease, depression, poor diet | ?head trauma, infection, toxins

Question 37

diagnosing AD

Answer 37

``` physical exam cognitive testing brain imaging eeg genetics blood and CSF post mortem ```