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Black Lives Matter > The SNCC > Flashcards

The SNCC Flashcards

1
Q

Who are SNCC

A

Student Nonviolence Co-Ordinating Committee (Later National)

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2
Q

What is SNCC

A 
Formed April 1960
Never Large but effective
Pushed for more radical positions
Provides space for young people to have voices
Plethora of interests
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3
Q

Who was John Lewis

A
  • Influential Leader, Grew up on Farm
  • Organised sit ins in Nashville
  • Was arrested 24 times as a result of his activism
  • 1963 helped to plan the March on Washington
  • Led Pettus Bridge Selma
  • Chairman 1963-1966
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4
Q

Who was Horace Julian Bond?

A
  • One of several hundred students to form SNCC
  • SNCC Communication director
  • Editor of The Student Voice
  • Important in creating perceptions of SNCC and the way they reported - ideology and print culture
  • Voter Registration Drives
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5
Q

Who was Fannie Lou Hamer

A
  • Granddaughter of slaves
  • She became a SNCC Field Secretary and travelled around the country speaking and registering people
  • Co-Founded Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
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6
Q

Who was James Lawson?

A
  • Devout Christian, missionary, pacifist
  • Served 14 months in prison for refusing to fight in Korea
  • Philosophical teacher of nonviolence
  • Led workshops attended by Diane Nash and John Lewis
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7
Q

Stokely Carmichael

A
  • Controversial leader of SNCC supporter of Black Power
  • Important in the Lowndes County Freedom Organisation (Black Panther Party)
  • Great Orator
  • Popularised Black Power
  • Born in Trinidad - Pan-Africanism
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8
Q

James Forman

A
  • Veteran organiser in SNCC
  • Executive secretary 1961-66
  • Under Forman and others SNCC became a leading CRM organisation due to his involvement in the Freedom Rides/Albany/Birmingham/Selma
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9
Q

Key Themes of SNCC

A
  • Remembering/Forgetting
  • Grassroot activism
  • Nonviolence/militancy
  • Print Culture
  • Student participation
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10
Q

Organisation of SNCC

A

Bottom up, Student Led, different branches under the same name

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11
Q

What was the Mississippi Movement?

A 
Freedom Summer
1963
Attempt a voter registration drive
Mississippi Delta - poorest area
Interracial campaign
Significant impact political transformation
80,000 AA Registered
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12
Q

Who were James Chaney and Andrew Goodman?

A

Murdered and Kidnapped - violence

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13
Q

What was the MFDP?

A

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party - Challenge to white supremacist parties

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14
Q

What were the Freedom Schools?

A

30 to 40 voluntary schools - educational program provided by SNCC
Goal - teach voter literacy and political organisational skills, as well as academic skills and help with confidence

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15
Q

What was ‘The Story of Snick’

A

Article by Gene Roberts NYT

1966

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16
Q

Quotes from ‘The Story of Snick’

A

“SNCC said he was going to preach the same old “jazz”” (on MLK)
‘Long standing split in the CRM between militants and moderates’
‘to be a SNCC member…[you have to be] angered, amused and frustrated by the society around you’

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17
Q

Overall feelings from Gene Roberts article?

A

Very negative portrayal of SNCC, seems to condescend the organisation
‘Election of Carmichael exemplifies its moodiness, brilliance, and contradictions’

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18
Q

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founding Statement

A

‘Affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence’
‘social order of justice’
‘The redemptive power of community’
‘Nonviolence nurtures the atmosphere in which reconciliation and justice become actual possibilities’

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19
Q

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Position Paper (1966)

A 
5 Key Points:
White Power
Roles of Whites and Blacks
Black Self-determination
White Radicals
Black Identity
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20
Q

The Basis of Black Power quotes

A

‘Myth the Negro is somehow incapable of liberating himself’
‘Goals not yet reached…problem not in the black community but in the white’
‘How can one clean up someone else’s yard when one’s own yard is untidy?’
‘Re-evaluation will deal with identification of who black people are’

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21
Q

SNCC Position Paper on Vietnam

A

States opposition on 7 points which mainly form from the theme of USA not pursuing true freedom and that citizens of its own country are not free and view the war as American aggression

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22
Q

SNCC Paper on Women in the Movement

A

Paper outlines how women are often marginalised by the men in the group - often asked to take minutes, and that they are not “happy and contented” with their status

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23
Q

Aldon Morris

A

Black Southern Student Sit-In Movement (1981)

24
Q

R Edward Nordhaus

A

SNCC and the CRM in Mississippi (1983)

25
Q

Diane McWhorter

A

The Enduring Courage of the Freedom Riders (2008)

26
Q

Sarah Riva

A

Desegregating Downtown Little Rock (2012)

27
Q

Leigh Raiford

A

SNCC and Photography of the Civil Rights Movement (2007)

28
Q

Francis Shor

A

Utopian Aspirations in the Black Freedom Movement (2004)

29
Q

Hasan Jeffries

A

SNCC, Black Power, and Independent Political Organising in Alabama (2006)

30
Q

What was the argument of Aldon Morris

A

The Sit-ins played an important role and crucial development within the CRM pumping new life into it and trained black activists

31
Q

Describe the Sit-In movements and their importance

A
  • Initiated in 14/15 cities
  • Led by black, bulk of demonstrators
  • Majority connected
  • Major interaction between churches and colleges and organisation important
32
Q

Argument of R Edward Nordhaus

A

The CRM story in Mississippi is really the story of SNCC - the campaign caused a fundamental change in the basic philosophy of SNCC

33
Q

Why was the Mississippi campaign so significant for SNCC?

A
  • M = Heart and soul of segregation
  • Most ambitious project
  • Large amount of violence (3 Killed, Four shot, fifty-two beaten, 250 arrested)
34
Q

135

A

FBI Agents sent to ‘observe’ Mississippi - Justice Department said the could not intervene? They just didnt want to

35
Q

Why were some unsettled due to the influx of white volunteers in the Mississippi campaign?

A

Gratitude = admit inferiority

White could blend back into society, blacks could not

36
Q

Why is R Edward Nordhaus’ analysis weak?

A

His article is brief, gives very little evidence, and does not build upon his conclusion that SNCC embraced violence and proponent of Black Power combating violence with violence

37
Q

What was the argument of Diane McWhorter?

A

Freedom Rides developed from courageous stunt by James Farmer

38
Q

What were the Freedom Rides?

A

Beginning in 1960
Plan was to ride through Virginia to New Orleans
There was Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham
Threatened to stop but Diane Nash and coordinated the movement from Nashville to see it through

39
Q

What was used for the first time in the Freedom Rides?

A

“Jail no Bail” strategy - filled up jails to discombobulate them

40
Q

What was the public support for the Freedom Rides like?

A

After a while they felt like they had made their point and were overreaching [New York Times]

41
Q

What is the argument of Sarah Riva?

A

Looks at the diaries of Bill Hansen, a white field secretary for SNCC and his projects in Little Rock, one example of the wide range of workers

42
Q

Who was Bill Hansen?

A

Co-ordinated sit in protests at downtown department-store lunch counters, stepped down when SNCC began to question role of whites and expelled them from the organisation

43
Q

What is the argument of Leigh Raiford

A

Imagery was crucial CRM and our essential understanding of it, SNCC utilised photography and expand its public image

44
Q

Why are photographs important to the CRM?

A

Construct and reconstruct our collective history

45
Q

Who was Danny Lyon

A

SNCC Photographer, Bond spoke that he was important in making SNCC and movement and ‘What we did, how we did it, and who were were’

46
Q

Posters were important…

A

one poster saw white guard and white people in the background with ‘is he protecting you?’ tagline

47
Q

What did pictures do for SNCC?

A

Opportunity to dismantle the fact of political and social disenfranchisement - pictures a vision of utopia seen from frontlines (multiracial, integrated)

48
Q

What is the argument of Francis Shor?

A

SNCC initially started with a utopian aspiration, but with the rise of Carmichael and growing racial consciousness, this was pitted against the Lew utopianists by the end of the decade

49
Q

Carmichael SNCC career represents…

A

the coming to power of those stundent whose antasgonism to religion and growing racial consciousness often pitted them against religious utopianism

50
Q

What is wrong with Francis Shor’s conclusion?

A

‘would never resonate’ (Black Power)

Black Power did have resonation and aspirations

51
Q

SNCC, according to Shor, would

A

break with liberalism and turn away from civil rights to black power - lost some of its moral and social moorings

52
Q

Carmichael admits in his autobiography

A

he was never “into spiritual evangelism…i never saw my responsibility to be the moral and spiritual reclamation of some racist thug”

53
Q

What was the argument of Hasan Jeffries?

A

SNCC’s move towards Black Power is misunderstood, it was impulsive and resulted in the decline of SNCC but actually it increased activist enthusiasm for building black controlled networks

54
Q

Black Power slogan was introduced and misunderstood…

A

the definition given by Carmichael in Black Power book defined it as independent organisations - meant it in a political context and African American political decision making

55
Q

What happened in Lowndes County?

A

Carmichael led movement - LCFO (Lowndes County Freedom Organisation
Political opportunity for independent party, first use of Black Panther as logo,

56
Q

Election of Carmichael

A

Not a coup - architct of Lowndes County, good orator and activist

57
Q

Black Power captured…

A

African American frustrations, self-reliance, self-determination, stemming from Lowndes County, embrace of Black Power not a break from the past but a return to it…viable program following MFDP defeat

Black Lives Matter (3 decks)

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