The Skull, Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord, And Spinal Nerves And Back Muscles (Lecture 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Surrounds the openings into the digestive and respiratory tracts (e.g. nasal passages and mouth)
A
Skull
2
Q
It is composed of the skeleton of the head and the mandible.
A
Skull
3
Q
Portion of the skull without the mandible.
A
Cranium
4
Q
3 most common facial fracture
A
In order:
- nasal bones
- zygomatic bone
- mandible
5
Q
A deep depression in the sphenoid bone which lodges the pituitary gland.
A
Sella turcica
6
Q
How many bones are there in the neurocranium and what are these?
A
Frontal bone - 1 Parietal bone - 2 Temporal bone - 2 Occipital bone - 1 Ethmoid - 1 Sphenoid - 1
7
Q
What are the bones of the facial cranium and how many?
A
Zygomatic bones - 2 Maxillae - 2 Nasal - 2 Lacrimal - 2 Palatine - 2 Inferior conchae - 2
Vomer - 1
Mandible - 1
8
Q
Forms the bregma
A
Anterior fontanelle
9
Q
Age at closing of the anterior fontanelle
A
18 mos
10
Q
Forms the lamba
A
Posterior fontanelle
11
Q
Age at closing ( post. Fontanelle)
A
2-3 mos after birth
12
Q
Forms the upper margins of orbits
A
Frontal bone
13
Q
Medial association of the frontal bone
A
- Frontal process of maxillae
2. Nasal bones
14
Q
Lateral articulation of the frontal bone
A
Zygomatic bone
15
Q
Hollow spaces inside the frontal bone lined with mucous membrane that allows communication with the nose and to serve as voice resonators.
A
Frontal air sinuses
16
Q
Lateral orbital margin
A
Zygomatic bone
17
Q
Inferior orbital margin
A
Maxilla
18
Q
Make up the anterior nasal aperture
A
- Lowere border of the nasal bones, and
2. Maxillae
19
Q
The nasal septum is largely formed by:
A
Vomer
20
Q
The zygomatic bone is perforated by these 2 nerves
A
- Zygomaticofacial nerve
2. Zygomaticotemporal nerve
21
Q
Forms the prominence of the cheek.
A
Zygomatic bone
22
Q
The thinnest part of the lateral wall of the skull
A
Pterion
23
Q
Roughened elevation at the midline of the occipital bone which gives attachment to muscles.
A
External occipital protuberance
24
Q
What ligament is attached to the external occipital protuberance?
A
Ligamentum nuchae
25
Undeveloped among newborn and develops only as a result of the pull of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Mastoid process
26
A suture connecting the parietal and occipital bones.
Lambdoid suture
27
A sharp upward projection of the ethmoid bone in the midline for the attachment of the falx cerebri.
Crista galli
28
A sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that lies in the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres.
Falx cerebri
29
True/False. The cribriform plate is another weak point in the skull, can easily fracture and can allow infections to penetrate the cranium.
True
30
Lodges the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Anterior cranial fossa
31
Deepest among the three cranial fossae.
Posterior cranial fossa.
32
Separates anterior and middle fossa
Lesser wing of the sphenoid
33
Separates middle and posterior fossa
Petrous part of temporal bone
34
What does the chiasmatic notch contain?
Optic chiasma
35
Upper division of the cruciate eminence runs from this structure.
Internal occipital protuberance
36
Fracture which may involve the cribriform plate and damge the meninges.
Fracture of the anterior fossa
37
Signs of anterior cranial fossa fracture
1. Epistaxis (nosebleed)
| 2. Rhonorrhea (CSF leaking thru nose)
38
What can fracture of the orbital plate cause?
Hemorrhage beneath the conjunctiva into the orbital cavity resulting to exophthalmos.
39
It is the bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.
Exophthalmos
40
A fracture characterized by hemotympanum and otorrhea.
Middle cranial fossa fracture
41
Battle sign as a classic sign found in mastoid area.
POSTERIOR cranial fossa fracture
42
Characterized by hematoma behind the auricle of the ear.
Battle sign
43
Common sports injury like in boxing. Fracture of the zygomatic arch, lateral rim, and inferior rim of the orbit.
Tripod fracture
44
A fracture characterized by enophthalmus (sunken eye) and diplopia. Common fracture in softball/ baseball.
Blowout fracture
45
A fracture commonly caused by automobile accidents, fisticuffs and falls
Facial fractures
46
Fracture of the midface which collectively involve the separation of all or a portion of the midface from the skull base
Le fort 1
47
Also known as the pyramidal fracture
Le fort 2
48
Otherwise known as the craniofacial dissociation fracture.
Le fort 3
49
Clinical sign for a basal skull fracture.
Raccoon eyes
50
Supports the skull, pectoral girdle, upperlimbs and thoracic cage
Vertebral column
51
How many vertebrae are there in the adult spinal column?
26
| 33-7
52
Number of intervertebral discs
23
53
Develop as a result of accomodation to the upright posture.
Curvature of the spinal column.
54
Primary curvatures are:
Kyphotic
55
Where do primary curvatures occur?
Thoracic and Sacral
56
Secondary curvatures:
Lordotic
57
Lordotic portions of the vertebral column
1. Cervical
| 2. Lumbar
58
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
59
Component of the intervertebral disc characterized by a gel-like matrix and high water content
Nucleus pulposus
60
Serves as a shock absorber, surrounding the nucleus pulposus.
Annulus fibrous
61
A joint formed between the superior and inferior facets of adjacent vertebrae
Zygapophyseal joint
62
Runs along the anterolateral portions of the vertebral bodies and helps to prevent hyperextension.
Anterior longitudinal ligament
63
Prevents hyperflexion and herniation of the intervertebral discs
Posterior longitudinal ligament
64
Pain sensitive ligament, connecting the laminae of adjaceny vertebrae
Ligamentum flavum
65
Connects adjacent spinous process
Interspinous ligament
66
Runs between adjacent transverse process
Intertransverse ligament
67
Runs between the tips of adjacent spines
Supraspinous ligament
68
Transitional vertebra
Vertebra prominens
69
Unique structure, common only among cervical vertebrae
Foramen transversarium
70
Unique structure common only among thoracic vertebrae.
Demifacets for rib articulation.
71
Often site of anesthetic injection given just before childbirth.
Sacral hiatus
72
Caused by a powerful hyperflexion resultung to a chipped spinous process
Clay-Shoveler's fracture
73
Degeneration of IV discs . Usually occurs at old age; presence of spurs.
Spondylosis
74
Theveins of the spinal cord drain into the:
Internal vertebral venous plexus
75
The most external membrane and is a dense, strong, fibrous sheet that encloses the spinal cord and cauda equina
Dura mater
76
The dura mater is continuous with the connective tissue surrounding each spinal nerve at the intervertebral foramen. What is this dense connective tissue called?
Epineurium
77
A vascular membrane that closely covers the spinal cord
Pia mater
78
The pia mater is thickened on either sides of the spinal cord between the nerve roots to form the:
Ligamentum denticulatum
79
Is a colorless, clear fluid formed mainly by the choroid plexus.
CSF
80
CSF enters the bloodstream by passing thru:
Arachnoid villi
81
Back muscles connected with the shoulder. (Collective term)
Superficial muscles
82
Back muscles involved in the movements of the thoracic cage (collective term)
Intermediate muscles
83
Muscles belonging to the vertebral column. Also known as the postvertebral muscles.
Deep muscles
84
What inervates the deep muscles of the back?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
85
Name the deep muscles of the back which function for the ipsilateral spine flexion
Collective term: erectoe spinae
| Specific: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
86
A detached part of the deep muscles of the back
Splenius
87
Site on the back where breath sounds may be most easily heard with a steth.
Auscultatory triangle
88
The site where pus may emerge from the abdominal wall.
Lumbar triangle
