The Skull, TMJ and Cervical Spine Flashcards
What are the divisions of the skull?
Neurocranium - Case which encloses the brain.
Viscerocranium - Bones which surround the oral cavity, nasal cavity and most of the orbit
Name these bones of the neurocranium
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Name these bone of the viscerocranium
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What attaches to the superior and inferior temporal lines?
Temporal fascia - superior and Temoralis muscle - inferior line.
What is the pterion and its clinical significance?
Point of articulation where the frontal bone, Parietal, greater wing of sphenoid and temporal bone meet. It is an anatomical weak spot which overlies the middle meningeal artery. Damage to this area can therefore cause rupture of the artery
Describe the surface anatomy of the pterion
It is located 4cm superiorly from the midpoint of zygomatic arch and 3cm posterior to frontal process of zygomatic bone.
LAbel the important anatomical landmarks of the calvarium
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What are the red labels?
Red star - Groove for sagittal sinus.
Red dots - Granular foveolae which is where arachnoid granulations are found. Function of which is to reabsorb CSF
What are fontanelles?
A type of fibrous membrane between the flat bones of the skull in newborns. They allows for moulding of the cranial shape during birth and post-natal growth of brain. Should be fused by 18months
What bones make up parts of the orbit?
Frontal, Lacrimal, ethmoid, maxilla, zygomatic, greater wing of sphenoid and palatine
What passes through the superior orbital fissue?
- Lacrimal nerve,
- Frontal nerve,
- Trochlear nerve,
- Nasociliary nerve,
- Oculuomotor nerve,
- Abducens nerve,
- Superior opthalmic vein.
What passes through the inferior orbital fissue?
- Zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve,
- Infraorbital nerve,
- Inferior ophthalmic vein,
- Sympathetic nerves
What are some craniometric points and their significance?
- Bregma,
- Pterion,
- Inion,
- Asterion,
- Glabella,
- Nasion.
They are important anatomical landmarks in radiology and surgery
Label this diagram of the cranial base
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What are the borders of the infratemporal fossa?
Laterally - Ramus of mandible,
Medially - Lateral pterygoid,
Anteriorly - Posterior aspect of maxilla,
Posteriorly - Tympanic plate, mastoid and styloid processes.
Superiorly - Infratemporal crest of sphenoid bone,
Inferiorly - Angle of the mandible
What bones make up the boarders of the pterygopalatine fossa and what does the fossa connect with?
The palatine, maxilla and sphenoid bones. It creates connections with the orbit, nasal cavity, infratemporal fossa, middle cranial fossa and base of skull
How do olfactory bulbs recieve info?
Via nerve fibres from the nasal cavity which travel through the foramina of the cribriform plate. The bulbs sit below the cribriform plate (separated by cristsa galli)
What can occur with a cribriform plate fracture?
CSF rhinorrhoea - CSF leakage through nasal cavity
Label the middle cranial fossa
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Label the posterior cranial fossa
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Where are the mandibular teeth located?
Within alveolar processes
Describe features of the temporomandibular joint
It has a fibrocartilaginous joint which separates the joint into superior and inferior articular cavities. Intrinsically an unstable joint as the lateral ligament is the only one to provide stability
Name the two extrinsic TMJ ligaments
Sphenomandibular and stylomandibular but they don’t contribute to stability of the joint.
Describe the movements of the TMJ
Depression (mainly by gravity)
Elevation (temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid),
Retraction (temporalis, masseter, geniohyoid and digastric),
- Protrusion (lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid)
How do the atlas and axis articulate?
Via odontoid process articulating with anterior arch of C1. and the inferior articular processes of C1 articulating with the superior articular processes of C2
What are the ligaments that support the atlanto-axial joint?
Apical ligament, alar ligament, transverse ligament of atlas, anterior (becomes atlanto-occipital membrane) and posterior (becomes tectorial membrane) longitudinal ligaments
