The Skin Flashcards
1
Q
The Skin
A
-layer of tissue between the body and it’s environment
-largest organ
- A healthy skin is moist, soft, flexible acidic and free form
blemishes and disease.
-Skin is thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on the palms
of hands and soles of feet.
2
Q
1 square inch contains?
A
hair sebaceous glands nerves blood vessels sudoriferous glands cells nerve endings to record pain sensory apparartus for heat, cold, pressure each cells for perception of touch
3
Q
Skin also known as
A
cutaneous membrane or integument
4
Q
skin and its accessory organs
A
integumentary system
5
Q
nerve ending that responds to heat
A
Ruffini Corpuscles
6
Q
nerve ending that responds to cold
A
Kraus bulbs
7
Q
nerve endings that responds to pressure
A
Pacinian corpuscles
8
Q
nerve endings responsible for pain
A
nociceptors
9
Q
nerve endings responsible for touch
A
merkels corpuscles
10
Q
bodys internal temperature
A
98.6* F
11
Q
what happens when body releases heat
A
- blood vessels move closer to the surface and volume of blood flow increases
- sweat glands increase activity to produce perspiration
12
Q
what happens when body retains heat
A
- blood vessels move deeper into tissue
- blood flow decreases
- sweat glands decrease perspiration
- if really cold hair follicles tighten (goosebumps)
13
Q
absorption in skin
A
skin is receptive to absorption of
- hormones
- vitamins
- essential oils
- medication
- chemicals
14
Q
Dermal Patch
A
- used to introduce nicotine, estrogen or vitamins vis skin
- Termed transcutaneous absorption
15
Q
Functions of the skin
A
Sensation Heat regulation Absorption Protection Excretion Secretion
16
Q
Skin protects the from…
A
Injury
microbial invasion
ultraviolet radiation
17
Q
function of acidity in skin
A
discourages bacterial growth
18
Q
What makes skin somewhat waterproof?
A
thin layer of sebum that covers outermost layer of epidermis
19
Q
Excretion in skin
A
- skin secretes sebum
- sebum is produced by sebaceous glands
- sebum provides a barrier against access water loss
- sebum lubricates and leaves skin soft and supple
20
Q
Two principal divisions of skin
A
Epidermis
Dermis
21
Q
Outermost layer of skin
A
epidermis
22
Q
Avascular
A
does not contain blood
Epidermis is avascular
23
Q
Layers of the epidermis
A
Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucium Stratum Granulsoum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Germination "Basal Layer" "Basale"
Come let’s get sun burnt
24
Q
Epidermis
A
-Outermost layer.
-avascular
-Composed of epithelial tissue
-facials effects the epidermis (waxing effects dermis)
(medical grade facials effect dermis)
25
Stratum Germination
"Basal Layer"
| Deepest layer of epidermis
26
The Buffer Capacity
The skins ability to return to a neutral pH after the introduction of an acidic or alkaline substance
27
Epidermis
- outermost layer of the skin aka "cuticle or scarf skin"
- it is avascular
- it is composed of epithelial tissue
28
Stratum Germinativum
```
"Basal Layer"
-Deepest/bottom layer of epidermis
-Layer containing the living cells
-cell regeneration happens in this layer
-Primarily made up of basal keratinocytes stem cells that
reproduce by mitosis
-Epidermal Strength and cell adhesion is controlled by
Desmosomes and are a strong adhesion between
keratinocytes
-Merkel cells formed here
-Melanocytes found here
-Hemidesmosomes are found here
```
29
Desmosomes
-Complex disc structures found in epidermis
-controls epidermal strength and cell adhesion
-provide strength and integrity by tethering the
keratinocyte cells to one another
Hemidesmosomes: 'half desmosomes' are found connecting cells to the basal lamina enduring strength and adhesion of the epidermis to the dermis
30
Melanocytes
-Pigment sites found in the Epidermis
-produce pigment granules called melanosomes, which
produce complex protein called melanin
-Melanin serves as a protective barrier against ultra violet radiation and determines the colour of the skin
-
31
Stratum Spinosum
"prickly layer"
- thickest layer of the epidermis
- next up from the basal
- Cells in this layer begin to flatten and produce spin like projections that join the cells together
- Melanocytes synthesize melanosomes/melanin (pigment of the skin) and transfer them to neighbouring keratinocytes, providing protection against UVR
- Langerhans cells are most present in this layer
32
Langerhans Cells
- found in all layers of the skin but are most prominent in the Stratum Spinosum
- specialize in antigen presentation and belong to the skin immune system
- "air traffic controllers" prevent foreign and bad bacteria from entering the skin immune system
33
Stratum Granulosum
"granular layer"
-consist of cells that look like distinct granules
-these grains are almost dead and undergo a change in
composition which is brought about by an enzyme called eleiden.
-Eleiden begins the formation of keratin
-keratinazation process is completed
-kerantinocytes sre less flexible, more granular and the
keratin filament within the cell has completely hardened
-formation of NMF natural moisturizing factor
34
Eleiden
Enzyme that begins the formation of keratin
35
Keratin
-A waterproof protein with a high sulfur content
-Keratin comes in two forms - hard and soft
-Soft keratin forms scales
-hard keratin grow in sheets (nails) or long fibers (hair)
-Gives strength
-kerantinocytes sre less flexible, more granular and the keratin filament within the cell has completely hardened within the stratum granulosum
-keratinazation process is completed in the stratum
granulosum
36
NMF
natural moisturizing factor
37
Lamellar or Odland bodies
found in the spinosum and the granulosum
- secreted by the golgi apparatus resulting in an impermeable lipid
- they produce a very important impermeable lipid substance that fill the spaces between the upper parts of the epidermis
- these lipids form the stongest cement structure for the skins permeability barrier.
- These lipids are responsible for the hydration, firmness and smoothness in skin
- these lipids Protect against TEWL
--this strong mortar is made up of lipids, cholesterol, free saturated acids and ceramides into the intercellular spaces
38
Stratum Lucidum
"transparent layer"
- This layer consist of small, transparent cells through which light can pass
- only present on the palms and soles
- not present with hair follicles
this layer has no oil glands only sweat glands, therefore water based products are needed to pull moisture into the skin
39
Stratum Corneum
"horny layer"
- top layer
- skins second layer of defense
- Layer of tightly packed scale like cells, completely dead and keratinized called corneocytes
- final destination for keratinocytes "tightly packed singles on a roof'
- cells are continuosly shed and replaced - desquamation
40
Corneocytes
first cells that contact the environment
-acts as a waterproof covering of the skin
-acts as a principle defense
-
41
Desquamation
continuous process of cells being shed and replaced
- takes approx 28 days
- desmosomes become corneodesmosomes
42
Dermis
underlying or inner layer of the skin
"derma" "cornium" "cutis" "true skin"
-HIghly vascular (lots of blood, blood vessels, and lymph
-composed of connective tissue, containing collagen, elastin and reticular fibers
-Elastin fibers provide strength, extensibility, and elasticity
when the elastin fibers weaken skin begins to sag
-collagen fibers grow in a spiral like helix shape
-collagen fibers make up 70% of the dermis, aiding in
healing and retain moisture
-
Most of "skins work" is being done in the dermis
-target of medical grade facials
43
Turgor
water content in the skin
beneath turgor is collagen
-dermis
44
Tonus
elasticity of the skin
pinch and pull to check turgor
-dermis
45
Fibroblast
- cells that manufacture collagen, glycosaminoglycans (HA), reticular and elastic fibers, and glycoproteins found in the extracellular matrix
- dermis
-if the quantity of fibroblasts in the dermis diminishes, the degrading enzymes collagenase and elastase increase in number and the skins water content diminishes. We then see the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and the skin looses its firmness
46
gylcosaminoglycans
hyalouronic acid
GAGS
-dermis (extra cellular layer)
-this gel fills gaps between fibers and the dermal cells
-allows skin to be plump, supple and moisturized
47
Two layers of the Dermis
Papillary and Reticular
48
Papillary layer
upper layer of the dermis located below the epidermis
-smaller of two layers in dermis
-contains papillae
-contains tactile corpuscles: nerve fiber endings
-structures within papillary layer are loose connective tissue
collagen and elastin fibers
49
Papillae
-small cone like projections of elastic tissue that point upward into the epidermis
-
50
Reticular layer
```
80% of dermis
-below papillary layer *
-consist of dense connective irregular connective tissue, providing great protection against tearing forces *
-gives skin overall strength and elasticity
-interstitial GAGS gel
-defense cells
-mast cells (release histamine),
-phagocytes
-white blood cells
-sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
-blood and lymph vessels*
-hair follicle shaft*
-arrector pili muscle*
fibroblast*
-fat cells
-nerve endings
```
51
subcutaneous tissue
layer of fatty tissue found below the dermis
- also called adipose tissue or the subcutis/hypodermis
- varies with age, sex and health
- gives smoothness and contour
52
how is the skin nourished
blood and lymph
53
sebaceous glands
-oil glands
-secrete sebum from ducts that open into the hair follicle
-opening of duct called ostia/ostium
-
54
arrector pili muscle
muscle that makes the hair stand up
55
pilosebaceous unit or apparatus
hair follicle, sebacosu gland and Arrector pili together
56
sudoriferous glands
```
sweat glands
-excrete sudor which helps to regulate body temperature
-help eliminate waste
-2 types: apocrine
eccrine
```
57
sudor
sweat
| -water, salt, urea, amino acids, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid
58
Apocrine
```
one of two types of sweat glands
attached to hair follicle
sweat released through follicle
under arms (axilla), genital area and nipples
alkaline sweat - harbours bacteria
```
59
eccrine
```
sweat gland
not attatched to hair follicle
-active sweat
acidic
-all over body
more on forehed, hands, feet
```
60
appendages of the skin
"accessory organs"
- hair
- nails
- sebaceous glands
- sudoriferous glands
- creminous glands
- mammary glands
61
integumentary system
skin together with its appendages
62
nerves of the skin
motor nerve fibers
sensory nerve fibers
secretory nerve fibers
63
barriers of the skin
stratum corneum
| the acid mantle
64
adipose
fat
65
the acid mantle
chemical barrier composed of sebum and sudor
66
normal skin pH
4.5-5.5
| acidic - prevents bacteria
67
pH
potential hydrogen
68
the buffer capacity
skins ability to return to a natural pH
69
wrinkles
all begin as fine lines
-
-
70
Oily skin
```
Large ostia on entire face
thick skin
comedones
frequent papules/pustules
excessive oil production
```
71
normal/oily skin
```
large/medium ostia on t zone
medium ostia of rest of face
thicker skin
few to frequent papules/pustules
comedomes
moderate to excessive oil production
```
72
normal skin
```
medium sized ostia all over face
average thickness of skin
few papules/pustules
few comedones
mederate oil production
```
73
normal/dry skin
```
medium to small ostia on t zone
small ostia on rest of face
thinner skin
very few papules/pustules
moderate to insufficient oil production
fine lines appear quicker
```
74
dry
```
small invisible ostia on entire face
thin skin
occasional papule/pustule
insufficient oil production
fine lines
```
75
skin analysis pages
-
-
-
76
skin disorder
any abnormality of the skin
77
dermatology
the science of skin and its diseases
78
acute disease
disease having rapid onset and relatively short duration
79
chronic disease
slow onset and lasting a long time
80
parasitic disease
resulting from growth and development of a parasitic organism in or upon the body
81
allergy
an acquired hypersensitivity to a substance that normally does not cause a reaction
82
objective symptom
symptom that can be seen
83
subjetive symptom
symptom that is felt ex headache
84
inflammation
- tissue reaction to injury
| - may include pain, heat, redness, swelling, impaired function
85
pruritis
itching
86
erythema
superficial reddening of the skin from a lesion
87
edema
swelling due to fluid retention
| -may be local or generalized
88
pathology
the study of disease
89
diagnosis
recognition of disease from its symptoms
90
Lesion
any mark on the skin that is not a normal part of the skin
| -
91
primary lesion defintion
lesions in the early stages
92
secondary lesion defintion
lesions that change the structure of underlying tissue
93
tertiary lesion defintion
also called vascular lesions
| develop from primary and secondary
94
types of primary lesions
```
Macules
Papules
nodules
pustules
vesicle
wheal
erythema hematomas
purpura
```
95
papule
red sore bump that does not contain pus
initial response by the body to fight infection
primary lesion
96
nodule
looks like a lump but skin can be moved over
very large nodules are called tumours
primary lesion
97
pustule
inflamed papule
center containing pus
pus consists of white blood cells
98
vesicle
also known as a blister
- a fluid filled sac
- Bulla is a large vesicle
- fluid gets trapped between skin
99
wheal
```
a hive
itchy lesions
bites, allergy, sting
concentration of fluid in tissue
reabsorbed back into bloodstream by lymphatic system
```
100
crust
scab
| secondary lesion
101
erosion
```
shallow depression in skin
Excoriations - scratches
Ulcers - deep erosions
part of dermis has been lost
secondary lesion
```
102
scales
patches of dry dehydrated skin without crust
ex dandruff
secondary lesions
103
atrophy
```
wasting away
skin that has thinned from aging or sun exposure
depressed scars caused by loss of tissue
ex, acne or chickenpox scars
secondary lesion
```
104
hypertrophy
thickening of tissue
raised scars due to thickening of tissue
secondary lesion
105
disorders of the sebaceous glands
```
comedomes
milia
papule
pustule
sebaceous cyst
acne
```
106
comedome
- blackhead
- caused by impaction of sebum in skin cells in a follicle
- ostium is dilated by mass of impaction allowing comedome to push to surface opening
- sebum in ostium oxidizes resulting in a black spot
107
Milia
closed comedome
whitehead
impaction cannot push to surface opening because opening is blocked by an accumulation of cells on the surface of the skin
-use a lancet to remove
108
pustule
comedome (closed or open) is invaded by bacteria
infection occurs
resulting in pus filled head atop inflamed follicle opening
109
sebaceous cyst
"steatoma"
| sac of sebum trapped in skin
110
pigmentation disorders
```
albinism
vitiligo
melasma/chlosma
freckles
ephelides
solar lentigines
```
111
disorders of the vascular system
angiomas
| telangiectasias
112
bacterial skin infections
Impetigo
Folliculitis
furuncle
carbuncle
113
fungal infections of skin
tinea versicolor
| tinea corporis
114
viral infections of the skin
herpes simplex
| herpes zoster
115
common rashes, reactions irritations of the skin
```
dermatitis
contact dermatitis
eczema
psoriasis
keratosis pilaris
```
116
benign skin growths
```
skin tag
keloids
xanthoma
syringoma
nevus
```
117
intrinsic aging
- decreased production of collagen and elastin
- decreased cell turnover
- loss of fat
- natural w age
118
extrinsic aging
caused by UV light
| smoking
119
UVA
aging
cumulative
damages the dermis/absorbed by dermis
used in tanning beds
120
UVB
burn
| absorbed by the epidermis
