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Term Two > The Skin > Flashcards

The Skin Flashcards

1
Q

The Skin

A

-layer of tissue between the body and it’s environment
-largest organ
- A healthy skin is moist, soft, flexible acidic and free form
blemishes and disease.
-Skin is thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on the palms
of hands and soles of feet.

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2
Q

1 square inch contains?

A 
hair
sebaceous glands
nerves
blood vessels
sudoriferous glands
cells
nerve endings to record pain
sensory apparartus for heat, cold, pressure each
cells for perception of touch
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3
Q

Skin also known as

A

cutaneous membrane or integument

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4
Q

skin and its accessory organs

A

integumentary system

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5
Q

nerve ending that responds to heat

A

Ruffini Corpuscles

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6
Q

nerve ending that responds to cold

A

Kraus bulbs

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7
Q

nerve endings that responds to pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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8
Q

nerve endings responsible for pain

A

nociceptors

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9
Q

nerve endings responsible for touch

A

merkels corpuscles

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10
Q

bodys internal temperature

A

98.6* F

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11
Q

what happens when body releases heat

A
  • blood vessels move closer to the surface and volume of blood flow increases
  • sweat glands increase activity to produce perspiration
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12
Q

what happens when body retains heat

A
  • blood vessels move deeper into tissue
  • blood flow decreases
  • sweat glands decrease perspiration
  • if really cold hair follicles tighten (goosebumps)
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13
Q

absorption in skin

A

skin is receptive to absorption of

  • hormones
  • vitamins
  • essential oils
  • medication
  • chemicals
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14
Q

Dermal Patch

A
  • used to introduce nicotine, estrogen or vitamins vis skin

- Termed transcutaneous absorption

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15
Q

Functions of the skin

A 
Sensation
Heat regulation
Absorption 
Protection
Excretion 
Secretion
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16
Q

Skin protects the from…

A

Injury
microbial invasion
ultraviolet radiation

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17
Q

function of acidity in skin

A

discourages bacterial growth

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18
Q

What makes skin somewhat waterproof?

A

thin layer of sebum that covers outermost layer of epidermis

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19
Q

Excretion in skin

A
  • skin secretes sebum
  • sebum is produced by sebaceous glands
  • sebum provides a barrier against access water loss
  • sebum lubricates and leaves skin soft and supple
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20
Q

Two principal divisions of skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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21
Q

Outermost layer of skin

A

epidermis

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22
Q

Avascular

A

does not contain blood

Epidermis is avascular

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23
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A 
Stratum Corneum 
Stratum Lucium 
Stratum Granulsoum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Germination "Basal Layer" "Basale"

Come let’s get sun burnt

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24
Q

Epidermis

A

-Outermost layer.
-avascular
-Composed of epithelial tissue
-facials effects the epidermis (waxing effects dermis)
(medical grade facials effect dermis)

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25
Q

Stratum Germination

A

“Basal Layer”

Deepest layer of epidermis

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26
Q

The Buffer Capacity

A

The skins ability to return to a neutral pH after the introduction of an acidic or alkaline substance

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27
Q

Epidermis

A
  • outermost layer of the skin aka “cuticle or scarf skin”
  • it is avascular
  • it is composed of epithelial tissue
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28
Q

Stratum Germinativum

A 
"Basal Layer"
-Deepest/bottom layer of epidermis 
-Layer containing the living cells
-cell regeneration happens in this layer
-Primarily made up of basal keratinocytes stem cells that 
  reproduce by mitosis
-Epidermal Strength and cell adhesion is controlled by 
  Desmosomes and are a strong adhesion between 
  keratinocytes 
-Merkel cells formed here
-Melanocytes found here
-Hemidesmosomes are found here
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29
Q

Desmosomes

A

-Complex disc structures found in epidermis
-controls epidermal strength and cell adhesion
-provide strength and integrity by tethering the
keratinocyte cells to one another

Hemidesmosomes: ‘half desmosomes’ are found connecting cells to the basal lamina enduring strength and adhesion of the epidermis to the dermis

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30
Q

Melanocytes

A

-Pigment sites found in the Epidermis
-produce pigment granules called melanosomes, which
produce complex protein called melanin
-Melanin serves as a protective barrier against ultra violet radiation and determines the colour of the skin
-

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31
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

“prickly layer”

  • thickest layer of the epidermis
  • next up from the basal
  • Cells in this layer begin to flatten and produce spin like projections that join the cells together
  • Melanocytes synthesize melanosomes/melanin (pigment of the skin) and transfer them to neighbouring keratinocytes, providing protection against UVR
  • Langerhans cells are most present in this layer
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32
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • found in all layers of the skin but are most prominent in the Stratum Spinosum
  • specialize in antigen presentation and belong to the skin immune system
  • “air traffic controllers” prevent foreign and bad bacteria from entering the skin immune system
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33
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

“granular layer”
-consist of cells that look like distinct granules
-these grains are almost dead and undergo a change in
composition which is brought about by an enzyme called eleiden.
-Eleiden begins the formation of keratin
-keratinazation process is completed
-kerantinocytes sre less flexible, more granular and the
keratin filament within the cell has completely hardened
-formation of NMF natural moisturizing factor

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34
Q

Eleiden

A

Enzyme that begins the formation of keratin

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35
Q

Keratin

A

-A waterproof protein with a high sulfur content
-Keratin comes in two forms - hard and soft
-Soft keratin forms scales
-hard keratin grow in sheets (nails) or long fibers (hair)
-Gives strength
-kerantinocytes sre less flexible, more granular and the keratin filament within the cell has completely hardened within the stratum granulosum
-keratinazation process is completed in the stratum
granulosum

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36
Q

NMF

A

natural moisturizing factor

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37
Q

Lamellar or Odland bodies

A

found in the spinosum and the granulosum

  • secreted by the golgi apparatus resulting in an impermeable lipid
  • they produce a very important impermeable lipid substance that fill the spaces between the upper parts of the epidermis
  • these lipids form the stongest cement structure for the skins permeability barrier.
  • These lipids are responsible for the hydration, firmness and smoothness in skin
  • these lipids Protect against TEWL

–this strong mortar is made up of lipids, cholesterol, free saturated acids and ceramides into the intercellular spaces

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38
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

“transparent layer”

  • This layer consist of small, transparent cells through which light can pass
  • only present on the palms and soles
  • not present with hair follicles

this layer has no oil glands only sweat glands, therefore water based products are needed to pull moisture into the skin

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39
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

“horny layer”

  • top layer
  • skins second layer of defense
  • Layer of tightly packed scale like cells, completely dead and keratinized called corneocytes
  • final destination for keratinocytes “tightly packed singles on a roof’
  • cells are continuosly shed and replaced - desquamation
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40
Q

Corneocytes

A

first cells that contact the environment
-acts as a waterproof covering of the skin
-acts as a principle defense
-

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41
Q

Desquamation

A

continuous process of cells being shed and replaced

  • takes approx 28 days
  • desmosomes become corneodesmosomes
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42
Q

Dermis

A

underlying or inner layer of the skin
“derma” “cornium” “cutis” “true skin”
-HIghly vascular (lots of blood, blood vessels, and lymph
-composed of connective tissue, containing collagen, elastin and reticular fibers
-Elastin fibers provide strength, extensibility, and elasticity
when the elastin fibers weaken skin begins to sag
-collagen fibers grow in a spiral like helix shape
-collagen fibers make up 70% of the dermis, aiding in
healing and retain moisture
-
Most of “skins work” is being done in the dermis
-target of medical grade facials

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43
Q

Turgor

A

water content in the skin
beneath turgor is collagen
-dermis

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44
Q

Tonus

A

elasticity of the skin
pinch and pull to check turgor
-dermis

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45
Q

Fibroblast

A
  • cells that manufacture collagen, glycosaminoglycans (HA), reticular and elastic fibers, and glycoproteins found in the extracellular matrix
  • dermis

-if the quantity of fibroblasts in the dermis diminishes, the degrading enzymes collagenase and elastase increase in number and the skins water content diminishes. We then see the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and the skin looses its firmness

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46
Q

gylcosaminoglycans

A

hyalouronic acid
GAGS
-dermis (extra cellular layer)
-this gel fills gaps between fibers and the dermal cells
-allows skin to be plump, supple and moisturized

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47
Q

Two layers of the Dermis

A

Papillary and Reticular

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48
Q

Papillary layer

A

upper layer of the dermis located below the epidermis
-smaller of two layers in dermis
-contains papillae
-contains tactile corpuscles: nerve fiber endings
-structures within papillary layer are loose connective tissue
collagen and elastin fibers

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49
Q

Papillae

A
50
Q

Reticular layer

A 
80% of dermis
-below papillary layer *
-consist of dense connective irregular connective tissue, providing great protection against tearing forces *
-gives skin overall strength and elasticity 
-interstitial GAGS gel
-defense cells 
-mast cells (release histamine), 
-phagocytes
-white blood cells
-sebaceous and sudoriferous glands 
-blood and lymph vessels*
-hair follicle shaft*
-arrector pili muscle*
fibroblast*
-fat cells 
-nerve endings
51
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

layer of fatty tissue found below the dermis

  • also called adipose tissue or the subcutis/hypodermis
  • varies with age, sex and health
  • gives smoothness and contour
52
Q

how is the skin nourished

A

blood and lymph

53
Q

sebaceous glands

A

-oil glands
-secrete sebum from ducts that open into the hair follicle
-opening of duct called ostia/ostium
-

54
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

muscle that makes the hair stand up

55
Q

pilosebaceous unit or apparatus

A

hair follicle, sebacosu gland and Arrector pili together

56
Q

sudoriferous glands

A 
sweat glands
-excrete sudor which helps to regulate body temperature 
-help eliminate waste
-2 types: apocrine
                eccrine
57
Q

sudor

A

sweat

-water, salt, urea, amino acids, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid

58
Q

Apocrine

A 
one of two types of sweat glands
attached to hair follicle 
sweat released through follicle
under arms (axilla), genital area and nipples
alkaline sweat - harbours bacteria
59
Q

eccrine

A 
sweat gland 
not attatched to hair follicle
-active sweat
acidic 
-all over body
more on forehed, hands, feet
60
Q

appendages of the skin

A

“accessory organs”

  • hair
  • nails
  • sebaceous glands
  • sudoriferous glands
  • creminous glands
  • mammary glands
61
Q

integumentary system

A

skin together with its appendages

62
Q

nerves of the skin

A

motor nerve fibers
sensory nerve fibers
secretory nerve fibers

63
Q

barriers of the skin

A

stratum corneum

the acid mantle

64
Q

adipose

A

fat

65
Q

the acid mantle

A

chemical barrier composed of sebum and sudor

66
Q

normal skin pH

A

4.5-5.5

acidic - prevents bacteria

67
Q

pH

A

potential hydrogen

68
Q

the buffer capacity

A

skins ability to return to a natural pH

69
Q

wrinkles

A

-

70
Q

Oily skin

A 
Large ostia on entire face
thick skin
comedones
frequent papules/pustules
excessive oil production
71
Q

normal/oily skin

A 
large/medium ostia on t zone
medium ostia of rest of face
thicker skin 
few to frequent papules/pustules
comedomes
moderate to excessive oil production
72
Q

normal skin

A 
medium sized ostia all over face
average thickness of skin 
few papules/pustules
few comedones
mederate oil production
73
Q

normal/dry skin

A 
medium to small ostia on t zone
small ostia on rest of face
thinner skin 
very few papules/pustules
moderate to insufficient oil production 
fine lines appear quicker
74
Q

dry

A 
small invisible ostia on entire face
thin skin
occasional papule/pustule
insufficient oil production
fine lines
75
Q

skin analysis pages

A

-

76
Q

skin disorder

A

any abnormality of the skin

77
Q

dermatology

A

the science of skin and its diseases

78
Q

acute disease

A

disease having rapid onset and relatively short duration

79
Q

chronic disease

A

slow onset and lasting a long time

80
Q

parasitic disease

A

resulting from growth and development of a parasitic organism in or upon the body

81
Q

allergy

A

an acquired hypersensitivity to a substance that normally does not cause a reaction

82
Q

objective symptom

A

symptom that can be seen

83
Q

subjetive symptom

A

symptom that is felt ex headache

84
Q

inflammation

A
  • tissue reaction to injury

- may include pain, heat, redness, swelling, impaired function

85
Q

pruritis

A

itching

86
Q

erythema

A

superficial reddening of the skin from a lesion

87
Q

edema

A

swelling due to fluid retention

-may be local or generalized

88
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease

89
Q

diagnosis

A

recognition of disease from its symptoms

90
Q

Lesion

A

any mark on the skin that is not a normal part of the skin

-

91
Q

primary lesion defintion

A

lesions in the early stages

92
Q

secondary lesion defintion

A

lesions that change the structure of underlying tissue

93
Q

tertiary lesion defintion

A

also called vascular lesions

develop from primary and secondary

94
Q

types of primary lesions

A 
Macules
Papules
nodules
pustules 
vesicle
wheal
erythema hematomas
purpura
95
Q

papule

A

red sore bump that does not contain pus
initial response by the body to fight infection
primary lesion

96
Q

nodule

A

looks like a lump but skin can be moved over
very large nodules are called tumours
primary lesion

97
Q

pustule

A

inflamed papule
center containing pus
pus consists of white blood cells

98
Q

vesicle

A

also known as a blister

  • a fluid filled sac
  • Bulla is a large vesicle
  • fluid gets trapped between skin
99
Q

wheal

A 
a hive
itchy lesions 
bites, allergy, sting
concentration of fluid in tissue
reabsorbed back into bloodstream by lymphatic system
100
Q

crust

A

scab

secondary lesion

101
Q

erosion

A 
shallow depression in skin
Excoriations - scratches 
Ulcers - deep erosions 
part of dermis has been lost
secondary lesion
102
Q

scales

A

patches of dry dehydrated skin without crust
ex dandruff
secondary lesions

103
Q

atrophy

A 
wasting away
skin that has thinned from aging or sun exposure
depressed scars caused by loss of tissue
ex, acne or chickenpox scars
secondary lesion
104
Q

hypertrophy

A

thickening of tissue
raised scars due to thickening of tissue
secondary lesion

105
Q

disorders of the sebaceous glands

A 
comedomes
milia 
papule
pustule 
sebaceous cyst
acne
106
Q

comedome

A
  • blackhead
  • caused by impaction of sebum in skin cells in a follicle
  • ostium is dilated by mass of impaction allowing comedome to push to surface opening
  • sebum in ostium oxidizes resulting in a black spot
107
Q

Milia

A

closed comedome
whitehead
impaction cannot push to surface opening because opening is blocked by an accumulation of cells on the surface of the skin
-use a lancet to remove

108
Q

pustule

A

comedome (closed or open) is invaded by bacteria
infection occurs
resulting in pus filled head atop inflamed follicle opening

109
Q

sebaceous cyst

A

“steatoma”

sac of sebum trapped in skin

110
Q

pigmentation disorders

A 
albinism
vitiligo
melasma/chlosma
freckles
ephelides
solar lentigines
111
Q

disorders of the vascular system

A

angiomas

telangiectasias

112
Q

bacterial skin infections

A

Impetigo
Folliculitis
furuncle
carbuncle

113
Q

fungal infections of skin

A

tinea versicolor

tinea corporis

114
Q

viral infections of the skin

A

herpes simplex

herpes zoster

115
Q

common rashes, reactions irritations of the skin

A 
dermatitis 
contact dermatitis
eczema
psoriasis
keratosis pilaris
116
Q

benign skin growths

A 
skin tag
keloids
xanthoma
syringoma
nevus
117
Q

intrinsic aging

A
  • decreased production of collagen and elastin
  • decreased cell turnover
  • loss of fat
  • natural w age
118
Q

extrinsic aging

A

caused by UV light

smoking

119
Q

UVA

A

aging
cumulative
damages the dermis/absorbed by dermis
used in tanning beds

120
Q

UVB

A

burn

absorbed by the epidermis

Term Two (3 decks)

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