The Skeleton Flashcards
What is the difference between bone and cartilage
Bone is a calcified connective tissue that has it’s own blood supply
Cartilage is a strong (but bendable) fibrous connective tissue, in different parts of the body e.g. joints
What and how many cartilage are there and what are their uses?
Three Cartilage.
Hyaline - At the end of bones to form joints. Helps reduce friction allowing optimal joint movement.
Elastic - Found in places that require a certain shape. Mostly made of elastin.
Fibrocartilage - Acts as a shock absorber. Thicker and stronger than Hyaline and Elastic and comes in different shapes
what are the diferent classifications of bones and give an example of each bone.
LONG: e.g. tibia and fibula SHORT: e.g. carpals and tarsals FLAT: pelvis and sternum IRREGULAR: facial bones or spine SESAMOID: patella
what does the structure of a long bone consist of (9)? what are their roles
Epiphysis: at each end of the bone, endures compression
Epiphyseal plate: at each end of bones found in growing bodies, after full maturity it becomes an epiphyseal line.
Hyaline (articular) cartilage: connective tissue, covers the end of bones
Periosteum: has supply for blood vessels that bring nutrients for bones and removes waste
Compact bone: helps long bone withstand weight bearing stress
Cancellous bone: spongy bone tissue, contains red marrow. other bones are formed mainly for cancellous bone.
Medullary Cavity: hollow tube down the centre of compact bone.
Yellow marrow: stores fat
Red marrow: produces different types of blood cell.
6 Functions of skeletal system.
shape and structure. movement. soft tissue attachment. protection of organs. storage of minerals. production of cells.
what are the different joint classifications and what range of movement do they allow? give an example of where these are found.
Synovial: free moveable e.g ankle or knee
Cartilaginous : slightly moveable e.g vertebrae
fibrous: fixed or immoveable e.g skull
what do the structures of synovial joints consist of (6)? what are their roles?
Hyaline cartilage: absorb shock and stop friction.
Ligaments: connect bone to bone to stabilise joints.
Synovial membrane: stores and lets out synovial fluid when needed.
Synovial fluid: lubricates joints.
Joint capsule: holds everything in the synovial joint in place.
Tendons: connect muscle to bone.
What are the different types of synovial joints (6)? where in the body are they found?
BALL AND SOCKET: e.g shoulder and hip HINGE: knee or elbow PIVOT: neck SADDLE: thumb (carpometacarpal) GLIDING: wrist and ankle ELLPSOID: knuckles
what are the different kinds of joint movements? (9pairs)
FLEXION/EXTENSION: reduction or increase of angle at joint.
ELEVATION/DEPRESSION: lift or lower a joint
ADDUCTION/ ABDUCTION: to bring towards or away from body
LATERAL FLEXION/EXTENSION: to bend sideways or straighten from sideways back to nuetral
HORIZONTAL FLEXION/EXTENSION: forwards or backwards movement in a horizontal plane
PROTRACTION/RETRACTION: moving a body part outwards or inwards
CIRCUMDUCTION/ROTATION: a complete circle movement or a movement to the side but not full circle
PRONATION/SUPINATION: turning palm down or up
PLANATAR/ DORSI: bending ankle joints so toes point down or up.
name the 5 sections of vertebrae on the spine
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccyx
what are the 3 abnormalities of the spine called? what are they?
Hyperkyphosis: hump or curve found in the upper spine
Hyperlordosis: inward curve in lower spine
Scoliosis: sideways curve of spine
name two cells responsible for bone formation and maintenance. give example of their role.
osteoblasts : build bones by depositing calcium
osteoclasts: eat away or clear bones
what are old osteoblasts called?
osteocytes
what factors affect bone growth?
nutrition.
sunlight.
hormones.
exercise.
