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BIO-203 > The Skeletal System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

The Skeletal System (Exam 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Support (attachment for soft tissue and organs)
  • Storage (lipid in yellow matter, Ca)
  • Blood Cell Production (all BC in red bone marrow)
  • Protection
  • Movement
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2
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

supporting connective

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3
Q

What are bone cells called?

A

osteocytes

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4
Q

What salt is dissolved into the matrix of bone tissue?

A

Calcium phosphate

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5
Q

What form is calcium phosphate in for bone? (what is bone mineral?)

A

Hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

What are four general shapes of bone?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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7
Q

General characteristics of a long bone

A

longer than they are wide (humerus ex)

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8
Q

General characteristics of a short bone

A

about as wide as they are long

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9
Q

example of a short bone

A

carpals

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10
Q

General characteristics of a flat bone

A

broad like scapula

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11
Q

General characteristics of an irregular bone

A

complex in shape

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12
Q

example of an irregular bone

A

vertebra

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13
Q

what are the three parts of a long bone?

A

Two epiphyses and a diaphysis

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14
Q

Describe the diaphysis

A
  • central shaft of long bone

- hollow (marrow cavity)

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15
Q

Describe epiphysis

A
  • end caps of bone

- covered with articulate cartilage

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16
Q

Where is bone marrow located?

A

marrow cavity

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17
Q

what composes articulate cartilage and what is its function?

A

hyaline cartilage; prevent damage at articulation

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18
Q

what bone tissue composes the diaphysis?

A

compact bone

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19
Q

what is another name for spongy bone?

A

cancellous bone

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20
Q

where is cancellous bone found?

A

in epiphysis, in middle cavity

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21
Q

describe the composition of cancellous bone

A

projections of bone separated by space

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22
Q

what is the outer covering of bone?

A

periosteum

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23
Q

what lines the marrow cavity and spongy bone?

A

endosteum

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24
Q

describe the two layers of the periosteum

A

fibrous outer layer, cellular inner layer (membrane)

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25
Q

name for bone cells

A

osteocytes

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26
Q

where are osteocytes located?

A

lacunae

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27
Q

where are lacunae found?

A

between sheets of lamellae

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28
Q

what are lamellae?

A

sheets of matrix

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29
Q

what are canaliculi and what do they do?

A

small channels that run through the matrix and connect lacunae to blood supply

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30
Q

what is an osteon?

A

repeating functional unit of compact bone that run parallel to its long axis

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31
Q

what is the system called describing osteons?

A

Harversian system

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32
Q

describe the structure of an osteon

A

osteon made of concentric circles of lamellae that surround a central canal

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33
Q

what is the purpose of the central canal?

A

it has blood vessels in it

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34
Q

perforating canals

A

allow for blood vessels in the central canal to be linked to other vessels

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35
Q

Compact bone covers______

A

all surfaces other than the articulate surfaces

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36
Q

what is compact bone’s axis of strength?

A

its long axis

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37
Q

describe the histology of cancellous bone

A

no osteons in spongy bone, trabeculae instead.

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38
Q

what are trabeculae?

A

rods of lamellae

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39
Q

where is spongy bone found?

A

epiphysis

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40
Q

spongy bone is _____ than compact bone

A

heavier (reduces work of muscles to move bone)

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41
Q

name three types of bone cells

A
  • osteocytes
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
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42
Q

function of osteocytes

A

mature cells that maintain bone by recycling calcium salts

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43
Q

osteocytes recycle ______

A

calcium slats

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44
Q

process preformed by osteocytes

A

osteolysis- release of mineral through bone destruction

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45
Q

osteolysis

A

bone tissue destruction releasing minerals

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46
Q

what do osteoclasts release

A

acid and enzymes that break down bone

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47
Q

function of osteoblasts

A

carry out ossification

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48
Q

osteophysiological mechanism of releasing recourses

A

osteolysis

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49
Q

ossification

A

bone formation

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50
Q

general preview of generic ossification

A

cartilaginous formation at 6 weeks embryonic, replaced with bone through ossification

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51
Q

two types of ossification

A
  • intramembranous

- endochondral ossification

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52
Q

what occurs during ossification?

A

calcification (can occur in other tissue too)

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53
Q

distinguishing characteristic of intramembranous ossification

A

no cartilage precursor

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54
Q

when does intramembranous ossification take place?

A

fetal development

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55
Q

overview of step of intramembranous ossification

A
  • osteoblast differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells
  • calcified matrix is developed
  • ossification begins at ossification center
  • spongy bone is remodeled into compact flat bones
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56
Q

_____ bones are mainly formed by intramembranous ossification

A

flat

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57
Q

generally, what is endochondral ossification

A

cartilaginous skeletal structures are replaced by true bone in a 5 step sequence

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58
Q

5 steps of endochondral ossification

A
  • Chondrocytes enlarge, matrix calcifies (chondrocytes die)
  • Bone formation starts at shaft surface (blood vessels invade perichondrium, new osteoblasts produce bone matrix)
  • formation of primary ossification center as blood vessels enter shaft (bone develops to each end filling the bone with spongy bone)
  • Osteoclasts break down spongy bone in middle to form marrow cavity (epiphyseal cartiliges continue to grow)
  • secondary ossification centers form to fill epiphysis with spongy bone
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59
Q

bones grow in length from

A

epiphyseal cartilage

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60
Q

joint surfaces are covered in

A

articulate cartilage

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61
Q

bone growth accelerates at______ because of ____

A

puberty bc hormones

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62
Q

why do epiphyseal cartilages eventually close

A

osteoblasts produce faster than osteoclasts can break down

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63
Q

what is the epiphesial line

A

where epiphesial cartilage used to be

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64
Q

define appositional growth

A

enlargement in diameter of bone

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65
Q

mechanism of appositional growth

A

periosteum cells develop into osteoblasts and produce more matrix on outer surface while osteoclasts erode inside

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66
Q

what is enlarged during appositional growth?

A

marrow cavity

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67
Q

requirements for bone growth

A
  • mineral supply
  • Vitamin D3
  • Vitamin A,C
  • Growth, sex, thyroid and ca-balancing hormones
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68
Q

mineral required for bone growth

A

calcium salts

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69
Q

why is D3 important for bone growth

A

Ca intake

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70
Q

what is rickets

A

D3 deficiency

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71
Q

what do vitamins A C do for bone development

A

support osteoblasts

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72
Q

bone is _____ remolding via which 2 cells

A

remodling, osteoclast/osteoblast action

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73
Q

how fast is bone remodling in young adults

A

new skeleton every 5 years

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74
Q

what causes bone thickening and strengtheneing

A

appropriate stress from exercise

75
Q

why is Ca balance important?

A

essential for many physiological process (nerve and muscles)

76
Q

Ca regulation hormones

A

PTH (stimulate osteoclast), calcitriol- raise Ca

Calcitonin- lower blood Ca

77
Q

what are two ways fractures can be named by external appearance?

A
  • open (compound)

- closed (simple)

78
Q

how can fractures be named by the extent of the break?

A
  • complete- discrete parts

- incomplete- just a crack

79
Q

describe transverse fractures

A

break across the long axis

80
Q

describe spiral fractures

A

caused by twisting mechanism

81
Q

describe comminuted fracture

A

shatter into many pieces

82
Q

four steps to fracture repair

A
  • formation of fracture hematoma (kills osteocytes on both sides)
  • periosteum and endosteum cells collect at fracture to form external and internal callus
  • osteoclasts replace cartilage with spongy bone
  • spongy bone is replaced with compact bone
83
Q

bone Is slightly ____ after healed fracture

A

thicker

84
Q

osteopenia

A

inadequate ossification that naturally occurs as a part of aging

85
Q

osteopenia caused by _____

A

slower osteoblastic activity, increased osteoclastic activity

86
Q

osteoporosis is not a normal part of aging because

A

it is a loss of bone mass that impairs function

87
Q

osteoporosis is more common in women because

A

there is a lack of circulating estrogen

88
Q

endochondreal ossification not happeining in organisms with a cartilaginous skeleton is a

A

derived trait

89
Q

where are RBC produced in organisms without bone marro?

A

leydig’s organ

90
Q

function of axiel skeleton

A

framework for support and protection of dorsal and ventral cavity and provide surface area for muscle attachment and attachment of appendicular skeleton

91
Q

evidence that bones are embryological preserved

A

our ear and sharks jaw

92
Q

sacral region is ___ fused vertebrate in coccyx

A

5

93
Q

coccygeal region

A

(caudal vertebrate in non primates)

94
Q

number of cervical vertebra

A

7

95
Q

number of thoracic vertabra

A

12

96
Q

number of lumbar vertabra

A

5

97
Q

number of vertabra fused to sacrum

A

5

98
Q

coccygeal vertebra are ____ in non-primates

A

caudal

99
Q

describe primary curvature

A

project posteriorally (concave anteriorally)

100
Q

where are primary curves

A

thoracic and sacral

101
Q

primary curve development

A

present at birth

102
Q

describe secondary curvature

A

projects aneriotally (convex aneriorally) at cervical and lumbar

103
Q

development of secondary curvature

A

several months after birth

104
Q

kyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature

105
Q

lordosis

A

exaggeration in lumbar curvature

106
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of spine

107
Q

typical cause of atypical curvature

A

tissue

108
Q

specialized cervical vertebra in tetrapods

A

atlas (C1) and axis (C2)

109
Q

what is C1

A

Atlas

110
Q

what does the atlas do

A

holds the head up

111
Q

what does the atlas articulate with?

A

occipital condyle

112
Q

movement facilitated by atlas

A

“Yes” (I have the atlas)

113
Q

C2 is the

A

axis

114
Q

what is the name of the projection on the axis?

A

odontoid process (dens)

115
Q

movement facilitated by axis

A

“no”

116
Q

name the two axiel skeleton girdles

A

pectoral, pelvic (PP)

117
Q

function of the pectoral girdle?

A

attach upper limbs

118
Q

anatomy of the pectoral girdle?

A

scapula
Coracoid
Acromion
Clavicle

119
Q

mammalian specific pectoral girdle anatomy

A

acromion and coracoid merged with scapula

120
Q

function of the pelvic girdle

A

connect lower limbs to trunk

121
Q

anatomy of the pelvic girdle

A

illium, ischium, pubis

122
Q

all three pelvic girdle bones form the

A

coxal or innominate bone

123
Q

female pelvis has

A

broader lower pelvis, larger pelvic outlet, broader pubic angle

124
Q

pubic angle of female

A

greater than 100o

125
Q

pelvic angle for male

A

less than 90o

126
Q

functional classifications of joints

A

synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

127
Q

movement of synarthrosis

A

immovable

128
Q

movement of amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable

129
Q

movement of diarthrosis

A

freely movable

130
Q

subclasses of synarthrosis

A

fiberous

cartilaginous

131
Q

movement of fibrous joints

A

fused by fibers , no movements

132
Q

movement of cartilaginous joints

A

connected by cartilage

133
Q

subclasses of fibrous joints

A

suture

gomphosis

134
Q

anatomy of suture and example

A

fibrous connection and interlocking, skull

135
Q

anatomy of gomphosis

A

fibrous connection plus socket

136
Q

synchondrosis

A

subtype of cartilaginous synarthritis joint formed by a rigid cartilageonous connection

137
Q

example of synchondrosis

A

first pair of ribs and sternum

138
Q

main type of diarthrotic joint

A

synovial joints

139
Q

where are synovial joints usually found?

A

end of long bones

140
Q

ends of bones are covered in ____ in synovial joints

A

articulate cartilage

141
Q

synovial joints are surrounded by a ____

A

fibrous joint capsule

142
Q

what lines the inner surface of a joint capsule

A

synovial membrane

143
Q

what functions to reduce fraction in a synovial joint?

A

synovial fluid

144
Q

menisci and fat pads

A

found in synovial joints as padding

145
Q

ligaments

A

join bone to bone

146
Q

ligaments are found

A

in or outside of joint capsule

147
Q

structure and function of bursae

A

packets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid to reduce friction in schock in synovia joints

148
Q

two types of synovial joint movement

A

gliding and angular

149
Q

description and example of gliding joints

A

opposing surfaces move past one another. Carpal bones

150
Q

three categories of angular movement

A

flexion/extension
Adduction/Abduction
Circumduction

151
Q

angular and gliding movements are made possible by ___ joints

A

synovial

152
Q

flexion

A

decreases angle between two long bones

153
Q

extension

A

increases the angle between two long bones

154
Q

hip and shoulder flex ____

A

anteriorally

155
Q

hip and shoulders extend___

A

posteriorally

156
Q

hyperextension

A

extension beyond anatomical position

157
Q

abduction and adduction are types of ___ movement

A

angular

158
Q

abduction

A

move away from midline (separate figers)

159
Q

adduction

A

move toward midline (fingers together)

160
Q

circumduction

A

angular movement moves the limbs in a loop (not rotation)

161
Q

4 special movements of foot

A

inversion/eversion

dorsiflexion/pantar flexion

162
Q

inversion

A

soles toward eachother

163
Q

eversion

A

soles away from eachother

164
Q

dorsiflexion

A

elevates sole at anfle, heel down toe up

165
Q

plantar flexion

A

points toe

166
Q

opposition

A

move thumb to palm to gasp

167
Q

what movement allows grasp

A

opposition

168
Q

reposition

A

return from opposition

169
Q

describe rotation

A

turning around longitudinal axis

170
Q

examples of rotation

A

turning head, turning palm

171
Q

pronation

A

rotate palm to back (flip backward from anatomical)

172
Q

supination

A

truing the palm to face forward (to anatomical position)

173
Q

elevation and depression

A

move superiorly and inferiorly

174
Q

describe lateral flexion

A

bending vertebral colemn to one side or the other

175
Q

types of synovial joints

A 
gliding 
hinge 
pivot 
condylar 
saddle 
ball-and-socket
176
Q

describe gliding joints

A

flat or slightly curved faces with slight movement (wrist)

177
Q

hinge joints

A

angular movement in one plane (elbow)

178
Q

pivot joints

A

rotation only (turn head, pronation)

179
Q

condylar joints

A

oval surface nests in a depression allowing angular movement in two planes (metacarpals)

180
Q

saddle joints

A

two bones with concave face on one and convex face on the other (allow circumduction)

181
Q

describe ball-and-socket joints

A

ball of one in socket of other, wide range of motion

182
Q

which joint allows for the greatest motion in the human body?

A

the shoulder

183
Q

the shoulder is a ___ joint

A

synovial (ball and socket ) that has many bursae

184
Q

what forms the rotator cuff

A

muscles that surround and move the shoulder

BIO-203 (3 decks)

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