The Skeletal System (Exam 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the skeletal system
A
- Support (attachment for soft tissue and organs)
- Storage (lipid in yellow matter, Ca)
- Blood Cell Production (all BC in red bone marrow)
- Protection
- Movement
2
Q
What type of tissue is bone?
A
supporting connective
3
Q
What are bone cells called?
A
osteocytes
4
Q
What salt is dissolved into the matrix of bone tissue?
A
Calcium phosphate
5
Q
What form is calcium phosphate in for bone? (what is bone mineral?)
A
Hydroxyapatite
6
Q
What are four general shapes of bone?
A
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
7
Q
General characteristics of a long bone
A
longer than they are wide (humerus ex)
8
Q
General characteristics of a short bone
A
about as wide as they are long
9
Q
example of a short bone
A
carpals
10
Q
General characteristics of a flat bone
A
broad like scapula
11
Q
General characteristics of an irregular bone
A
complex in shape
12
Q
example of an irregular bone
A
vertebra
13
Q
what are the three parts of a long bone?
A
Two epiphyses and a diaphysis
14
Q
Describe the diaphysis
A
- central shaft of long bone
- hollow (marrow cavity)
15
Q
Describe epiphysis
A
- end caps of bone
- covered with articulate cartilage
16
Q
Where is bone marrow located?
A
marrow cavity
17
Q
what composes articulate cartilage and what is its function?
A
hyaline cartilage; prevent damage at articulation
18
Q
what bone tissue composes the diaphysis?
A
compact bone
19
Q
what is another name for spongy bone?
A
cancellous bone
20
Q
where is cancellous bone found?
A
in epiphysis, in middle cavity
21
Q
describe the composition of cancellous bone
A
projections of bone separated by space
22
Q
what is the outer covering of bone?
A
periosteum
23
Q
what lines the marrow cavity and spongy bone?
A
endosteum
24
Q
describe the two layers of the periosteum
A
fibrous outer layer, cellular inner layer (membrane)
25
name for bone cells
osteocytes
26
where are osteocytes located?
lacunae
27
where are lacunae found?
between sheets of lamellae
28
what are lamellae?
sheets of matrix
29
what are canaliculi and what do they do?
small channels that run through the matrix and connect lacunae to blood supply
30
what is an osteon?
repeating functional unit of compact bone that run parallel to its long axis
31
what is the system called describing osteons?
Harversian system
32
describe the structure of an osteon
osteon made of concentric circles of lamellae that surround a central canal
33
what is the purpose of the central canal?
it has blood vessels in it
34
perforating canals
allow for blood vessels in the central canal to be linked to other vessels
35
Compact bone covers______
all surfaces other than the articulate surfaces
36
what is compact bone's axis of strength?
its long axis
37
describe the histology of cancellous bone
no osteons in spongy bone, trabeculae instead.
38
what are trabeculae?
rods of lamellae
39
where is spongy bone found?
epiphysis
40
spongy bone is _____ than compact bone
heavier (reduces work of muscles to move bone)
41
name three types of bone cells
- osteocytes
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
42
function of osteocytes
mature cells that maintain bone by recycling calcium salts
43
osteocytes recycle ______
calcium slats
44
process preformed by osteocytes
osteolysis- release of mineral through bone destruction
45
osteolysis
bone tissue destruction releasing minerals
46
what do osteoclasts release
acid and enzymes that break down bone
47
function of osteoblasts
carry out ossification
48
osteophysiological mechanism of releasing recourses
osteolysis
49
ossification
bone formation
50
general preview of generic ossification
cartilaginous formation at 6 weeks embryonic, replaced with bone through ossification
51
two types of ossification
- intramembranous
| - endochondral ossification
52
what occurs during ossification?
calcification (can occur in other tissue too)
53
distinguishing characteristic of intramembranous ossification
no cartilage precursor
54
when does intramembranous ossification take place?
fetal development
55
overview of step of intramembranous ossification
- osteoblast differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells
- calcified matrix is developed
- ossification begins at ossification center
- spongy bone is remodeled into compact flat bones
56
_____ bones are mainly formed by intramembranous ossification
flat
57
generally, what is endochondral ossification
cartilaginous skeletal structures are replaced by true bone in a 5 step sequence
58
5 steps of endochondral ossification
- Chondrocytes enlarge, matrix calcifies (chondrocytes die)
- Bone formation starts at shaft surface (blood vessels invade perichondrium, new osteoblasts produce bone matrix)
- formation of primary ossification center as blood vessels enter shaft (bone develops to each end filling the bone with spongy bone)
- Osteoclasts break down spongy bone in middle to form marrow cavity (epiphyseal cartiliges continue to grow)
- secondary ossification centers form to fill epiphysis with spongy bone
59
bones grow in length from
epiphyseal cartilage
60
joint surfaces are covered in
articulate cartilage
61
bone growth accelerates at______ because of ____
puberty bc hormones
62
why do epiphyseal cartilages eventually close
osteoblasts produce faster than osteoclasts can break down
63
what is the epiphesial line
where epiphesial cartilage used to be
64
define appositional growth
enlargement in diameter of bone
65
mechanism of appositional growth
periosteum cells develop into osteoblasts and produce more matrix on outer surface while osteoclasts erode inside
66
what is enlarged during appositional growth?
marrow cavity
67
requirements for bone growth
- mineral supply
- Vitamin D3
- Vitamin A,C
- Growth, sex, thyroid and ca-balancing hormones
68
mineral required for bone growth
calcium salts
69
why is D3 important for bone growth
Ca intake
70
what is rickets
D3 deficiency
71
what do vitamins A C do for bone development
support osteoblasts
72
bone is _____ remolding via which 2 cells
remodling, osteoclast/osteoblast action
73
how fast is bone remodling in young adults
new skeleton every 5 years
74
what causes bone thickening and strengtheneing
appropriate stress from exercise
75
why is Ca balance important?
essential for many physiological process (nerve and muscles)
76
Ca regulation hormones
PTH (stimulate osteoclast), calcitriol- raise Ca
| Calcitonin- lower blood Ca
77
what are two ways fractures can be named by external appearance?
- open (compound)
| - closed (simple)
78
how can fractures be named by the extent of the break?
- complete- discrete parts
| - incomplete- just a crack
79
describe transverse fractures
break across the long axis
80
describe spiral fractures
caused by twisting mechanism
81
describe comminuted fracture
shatter into many pieces
82
four steps to fracture repair
- formation of fracture hematoma (kills osteocytes on both sides)
- periosteum and endosteum cells collect at fracture to form external and internal callus
- osteoclasts replace cartilage with spongy bone
- spongy bone is replaced with compact bone
83
bone Is slightly ____ after healed fracture
thicker
84
osteopenia
inadequate ossification that naturally occurs as a part of aging
85
osteopenia caused by _____
slower osteoblastic activity, increased osteoclastic activity
86
osteoporosis is not a normal part of aging because
it is a loss of bone mass that impairs function
87
osteoporosis is more common in women because
there is a lack of circulating estrogen
88
endochondreal ossification not happeining in organisms with a cartilaginous skeleton is a
derived trait
89
where are RBC produced in organisms without bone marro?
leydig's organ
90
function of axiel skeleton
framework for support and protection of dorsal and ventral cavity and provide surface area for muscle attachment and attachment of appendicular skeleton
91
evidence that bones are embryological preserved
our ear and sharks jaw
92
sacral region is ___ fused vertebrate in coccyx
5
93
coccygeal region
(caudal vertebrate in non primates)
94
number of cervical vertebra
7
95
number of thoracic vertabra
12
96
number of lumbar vertabra
5
97
number of vertabra fused to sacrum
5
98
coccygeal vertebra are ____ in non-primates
caudal
99
describe primary curvature
project posteriorally (concave anteriorally)
100
where are primary curves
thoracic and sacral
101
primary curve development
present at birth
102
describe secondary curvature
projects aneriotally (convex aneriorally) at cervical and lumbar
103
development of secondary curvature
several months after birth
104
kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curvature
105
lordosis
exaggeration in lumbar curvature
106
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of spine
107
typical cause of atypical curvature
tissue
108
specialized cervical vertebra in tetrapods
atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
109
what is C1
Atlas
110
what does the atlas do
holds the head up
111
what does the atlas articulate with?
occipital condyle
112
movement facilitated by atlas
"Yes" (I have the atlas)
113
C2 is the
axis
114
what is the name of the projection on the axis?
odontoid process (dens)
115
movement facilitated by axis
"no"
116
name the two axiel skeleton girdles
pectoral, pelvic (PP)
117
function of the pectoral girdle?
attach upper limbs
118
anatomy of the pectoral girdle?
scapula
Coracoid
Acromion
Clavicle
119
mammalian specific pectoral girdle anatomy
acromion and coracoid merged with scapula
120
function of the pelvic girdle
connect lower limbs to trunk
121
anatomy of the pelvic girdle
illium, ischium, pubis
122
all three pelvic girdle bones form the
coxal or innominate bone
123
female pelvis has
broader lower pelvis, larger pelvic outlet, broader pubic angle
124
pubic angle of female
greater than 100o
125
pelvic angle for male
less than 90o
126
functional classifications of joints
synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
127
movement of synarthrosis
immovable
128
movement of amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
129
movement of diarthrosis
freely movable
130
subclasses of synarthrosis
fiberous
| cartilaginous
131
movement of fibrous joints
fused by fibers , no movements
132
movement of cartilaginous joints
connected by cartilage
133
subclasses of fibrous joints
suture
| gomphosis
134
anatomy of suture and example
fibrous connection and interlocking, skull
135
anatomy of gomphosis
fibrous connection plus socket
136
synchondrosis
subtype of cartilaginous synarthritis joint formed by a rigid cartilageonous connection
137
example of synchondrosis
first pair of ribs and sternum
138
main type of diarthrotic joint
synovial joints
139
where are synovial joints usually found?
end of long bones
140
ends of bones are covered in ____ in synovial joints
articulate cartilage
141
synovial joints are surrounded by a ____
fibrous joint capsule
142
what lines the inner surface of a joint capsule
synovial membrane
143
what functions to reduce fraction in a synovial joint?
synovial fluid
144
menisci and fat pads
found in synovial joints as padding
145
ligaments
join bone to bone
146
ligaments are found
in or outside of joint capsule
147
structure and function of bursae
packets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid to reduce friction in schock in synovia joints
148
two types of synovial joint movement
gliding and angular
149
description and example of gliding joints
opposing surfaces move past one another. Carpal bones
150
three categories of angular movement
flexion/extension
Adduction/Abduction
Circumduction
151
angular and gliding movements are made possible by ___ joints
synovial
152
flexion
decreases angle between two long bones
153
extension
increases the angle between two long bones
154
hip and shoulder flex ____
anteriorally
155
hip and shoulders extend___
posteriorally
156
hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position
157
abduction and adduction are types of ___ movement
angular
158
abduction
move away from midline (separate figers)
159
adduction
move toward midline (fingers together)
160
circumduction
angular movement moves the limbs in a loop (not rotation)
161
4 special movements of foot
inversion/eversion
| dorsiflexion/pantar flexion
162
inversion
soles toward eachother
163
eversion
soles away from eachother
164
dorsiflexion
elevates sole at anfle, heel down toe up
165
plantar flexion
points toe
166
opposition
move thumb to palm to gasp
167
what movement allows grasp
opposition
168
reposition
return from opposition
169
describe rotation
turning around longitudinal axis
170
examples of rotation
turning head, turning palm
171
pronation
rotate palm to back (flip backward from anatomical)
172
supination
truing the palm to face forward (to anatomical position)
173
elevation and depression
move superiorly and inferiorly
174
describe lateral flexion
bending vertebral colemn to one side or the other
175
types of synovial joints
```
gliding
hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball-and-socket
```
176
describe gliding joints
flat or slightly curved faces with slight movement (wrist)
177
hinge joints
angular movement in one plane (elbow)
178
pivot joints
rotation only (turn head, pronation)
179
condylar joints
oval surface nests in a depression allowing angular movement in two planes (metacarpals)
180
saddle joints
two bones with concave face on one and convex face on the other (allow circumduction)
181
describe ball-and-socket joints
ball of one in socket of other, wide range of motion
182
which joint allows for the greatest motion in the human body?
the shoulder
183
the shoulder is a ___ joint
synovial (ball and socket ) that has many bursae
184
what forms the rotator cuff
muscles that surround and move the shoulder
