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BIO-203 > The Integumentary System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

The Integumentary System (Exam 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cutaneous membrane

A

the skin

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2
Q

What are the two basic layers and the associated layer of the cutaneous membrane from superficial to deep?

A

the epidermis, the dermis, the hypodermis

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3
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection- coverage, fluid retention
Excretion & Secretion- glandular action
Thermoregulation- sweat glands, vasculature
Synthesis & Storage of Nutrients- lipid,D3,excess
Sensory Reception- sensory receptors

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4
Q

Layers of the Epidermis (thick skin) from deep to superficial

A 
Stratum Basale 
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum 
Stratum Lucidum (thick skin) 
Stratum Corneum
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5
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum basale

A

formation of epidermal ridges to interact with dermal papillae thus increasing supply to nutrients.

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6
Q

The epidermis is ______

A

avascular

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7
Q

Describe the characteristics of the stratum spinosum

A

layer of cells produced via stem cell division within stratum basale

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8
Q

Describe the characteristics of the stratum grandulosum

A

area of keratin production

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9
Q

Define keratin

A

water resistant protein key to accessory structures. Causes cell death.

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10
Q

This is the unique characteristic of thick skin

A

the stratum lucidum

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11
Q

Describe the stratum lucidum

A

densely packed keratinized cells

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12
Q

describe the most superficial layer of the cutaneous membrane

A

the stratum corneum is composed of 15-30 layers of cornified, dead cells that clump together

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13
Q

what are several functions of the stratum corneum

A

prevent infection, prevent fluid loss, protection from shock

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14
Q

Name the layers of the dermis from superficial to deep

A

Dermal papillary

Dermal Reticular

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15
Q

describe the dermal papillary layer

A

thinner epidermal layer, just deep to the epidermis, invaginates into epidermis to supply with nutrients

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the deepest dermal layer

A

the dermal reticular layer is an interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers

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17
Q

describe the role of collagen fibers in the dermal reticular layer

A

collagen fibers extend into the dermal papillary and into the hypodermis to anchor the integument

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18
Q

hair follicles and sweat glands are derived from the ______

A

epidermis

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19
Q

the cutaneous plexus originates from the _______ and extend into the ______ layer

A

originate from hypodermis, extend into the dermal reticular layer

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20
Q

list structures found in the dermal reticular layer

A

blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves to supply nutrients, eliminate waste and respond to stimuli

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21
Q

this layer is made of dense, irregular connective tissue

A

dermal reticular

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22
Q

this layer is made of loose connective tissue

A

hypodermis

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23
Q

a significant function of the hypodermis includes:

A

stabilizes cutaneous membrane to underlying tissue, giving skin a smooth surface

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24
Q

____ is common in hypodermis

A

adipose

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25
Q

this layer contains capillaries that supply the epidermis

A

dermal papillary

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26
Q

which layer stabilizes skin to underlying tissues

A

hypodermis

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27
Q

name three pigments found in skin

A

Chromatophores, carotenes, melanin

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28
Q

what is the primary pigmentation of carotenes?

A

various colors. they are uncommon

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29
Q

What is a primary function of melanin?

A

UV protection

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30
Q

What colors are associated with melanin?

A

tan, yellow, brown, black

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31
Q

What produces melanin?

A

Melanocytes

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32
Q

How does the role of melanocytes explain skin color?

A

Melanin functions to protect from UV radiation, therefore higher exposure to UV leads to more melanin produced

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33
Q

where to carotenes accumulate?

A

epidermis

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34
Q

where do melanocytes produce melanin?

A

near stratum basale

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35
Q

what are color changing pigments?

A

Chromatophores

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36
Q

What is the color changing mechanism of Chromatophores?

A

differential contraction of pigment containing vesicles

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37
Q

what, besides pigmentation, plays a role in skin color?

A

blood

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38
Q

What is synthesized in the cutaneous membrane subsequent to UV exposure?

A

Vitamin D3 is synthesized from a derivative of the cholesterol in the skin when exposed to UV

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39
Q

What is the importance of D3?

A

it is metabolized by the liver and kidneys to calcitriol

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40
Q

What is the importance of calcitriol?

A

it allows calcium and phosphorus to be absorbed from diet

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41
Q

name two differential methods of acquiring D3

A

from diet (deep sea eating plankton), through grooming behaviors

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42
Q

why are hairs nonliving structures?

A

they are keratinized

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43
Q

what forms hair follicles?

A

invagination of epidermis into dermis

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44
Q

where is the site of hair growth?

A

the matrix; stem cell division

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45
Q

what is the name of the hair 1/2 way to the surface?

A

the hair root

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46
Q

what is the name of the hair once it is at the surface?

A

the hair shaft

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47
Q

list the functions of hair

A
  • protection of integument
  • prevention entry to
    openings
  • thermoregulation
    -sensory perception
    -express emotion
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48
Q

what explains differences in hair color?

A

type and amount of melanin formed by melanocytes

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49
Q

Describe the pigmentation of someone with blonde hair?

A

no pigment

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50
Q

describe the pigment of someone with red hair?

A

not enough pigment to cover red hair

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51
Q

brown hair pigmentation is?

A

red pigment but enough brown to cover

52
Q

What structure is involved with involuntarily standing up hair?

A

Arrector pili muscle

53
Q

What describes how scales are, in general, derived?

A

derived differently in different organisms

54
Q

The main types of scales are

A

epidermal and dermal

55
Q

What are osteoderms

A

dermal scales with bony components

56
Q

What best describes the function of scales?

A

primarily protective, some are highly modified for other functions

57
Q

Epidermal scales are not _______ but are part of the ______

A

not descrete, part of the whole epidermis

58
Q

What is the manifestation of epidermal scales not being discrete?

A

Ecdysis- shedding of large chinks of epidermis

59
Q

Feathers are _____

A

complex form of highly modified epidermal scales

60
Q

feathers are technically ____ scales

A

epidermal

61
Q

two major types of feathers are

A

Vaned

Down

62
Q

description and function of vaned feathers

A

like quill, stiff and orderly, allow aviation

63
Q

describe the structure and function of down feathers

A

soft and fluffy, thermoregulation

64
Q

function of feathers

A

thermoregulation, waterproofing, flight

65
Q

archoosaurs

A

birds and crocidiles

66
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

excrete sebum

67
Q

what is sebum?

A

a mixture of lipids that lubricates and keeps hydrated the stratum corneum

68
Q

what are the primary mechanisms of sebum secretion via sebaceous glands?

A

secretion into hair follicles, or sebaceous follicles secreting sebum onto surfaces

69
Q

what are sebaceous follicles?

A

folliceles that secrete sebum onto skin

70
Q

define the relationship between sebaceous glands and hormonal changes

A

sensitive to hormonal changes

71
Q

what causes acne

A

inflamed sebaceous glands

72
Q

what are sudoriferous glands?

A

sweat glands

73
Q

sudoriferous glands are found in _____

A

mammals

74
Q

what are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

75
Q

what sweat glands become active at puberty?

A

apocrine seat glands

76
Q

describe the secretion of apocrine sweat glands

A

secrete sticky, cloudy sweat into hair follicles in armpits around nipples and in the pubic region

77
Q

what causes the odor of sweat?

A

bacteria

78
Q

what is the main thermoregulatory sweat in hoofed mammals?

A

apocrine sweat glands

79
Q

main purpose of apocrine sweat?

A

signaling

80
Q

only location of eccrine sweat glands on most mammals?

A

soles and palms

81
Q

where are eccrine sweat glands in humans?

A

body wide

82
Q

describe the function of eccrine sweat glands

A

secretion of water perspiration directly onto skin through coiled tubular structures

83
Q

sweat contains

A

electrolytes (move water), urea (slightly antibiotic) and organic nutrients

84
Q

why is sweat salty?

A

sodium chloride

85
Q

function of eccrine sweat glands?

A

thermoregulation via evaporation

86
Q

what are two variations of modified sudoriferous glands?

A

mammary glands and ceruminous glands

87
Q

function of mammary glands

A

secrete milk

88
Q

ceruminous gland function

A

secretion of wax that combines with sebaceous oil to become earwax

89
Q

genetics of earwax

A

mendellian. wet type is dominant, dry is recessive

90
Q

function of nails

A

protect distal phalange

91
Q

what portion of the nail can we see?

A

the nail body

92
Q

what is the deeper layer of epithelium covered by the nail body?

A

the nail bed

93
Q

site of nail gowth

A

the nail root

94
Q

what covers the nail root?

A

the cuticle (eponychum)

95
Q

what is the lunula?

A

pale cresant around nail root

96
Q

claws are related to nails how?

A

developmentally and structurally but have a living interior

97
Q

what is a pointed structure found not on a appendage?

A

a spur

98
Q

what are hooves?

A

broad, flat keratinized structures used to support body weight

99
Q

what is the basis for skin repair?

A

epithelium and connective tissue undergo cell division

100
Q

steps of skin repair

A
  • scab formation
  • tissue granulation
  • scab removal
  • scar formation
101
Q

describe scab formation

A

a blood clot that forms on the surface that acts as a temporary patch to seal off the wound

102
Q

describe granulation tissue

A

formed from the combination of the fibrin blood clot, fibroblast and capillaries

103
Q

describe the action of macrophages in granulation tissue throughout the process of skin repair

A

clean up debris

104
Q

what forms a scar?

A

the remaining meshwork of collagen fibers

105
Q

keloid scars

A

thicker, raised, smooth and shiny on epidermal tissue

106
Q

define a burn

A

large area of tissue damage by any mechanism

107
Q

what determines burn severity?

A

extent of area, depth of tissue impacted

108
Q

characterizations of first degree burns

A

only epidermis affected, redness and pain, no blisters or swelling

109
Q

2nd degree burns

A

extends through epidermis and part of the dermis, redness, pain and blistering

110
Q

3rd degree burns

A

entire thickness of skin destroyed, leathery surface wound, no pain felt

111
Q

4th degree burns

A

involvement of tissue to the bone

112
Q

second degree burn is critical if

A

covers more than 25% surface area

113
Q

third degree burns are critical if

A

covers more than 10% body surface area

114
Q

4th degree burns are critical if

A

always

115
Q

third degree burns on _____ are always critical

A

face, hands, feet

116
Q

the front and back of head are each___ of BSA

A

4.5%

117
Q

the front and back of arms are each ___ of BSA (per arm)

A

4.5%

118
Q

the anterior and posterior torso is ___ of BSA

A

18%

119
Q

the genitalia are _ BSA

A

1%

120
Q

the front and back of each leg is __ BSA

A

9%

121
Q

major health concerns and causes of burns are

A

fluid loss- no keratin left
heat loss (hypothermia)
bacterial infection

122
Q

what layer of cutaneous membrane gives fingerprint?

A

dermal papillary

123
Q

how many layers does thin skin have?

A

4

124
Q

The cells in all of the layers except the stratum basale are called

A

A keratinocyte is a cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin.

125
Q

The stratum basale is a single layer of cells primarily made of

A

basal cells (stem cells that produce all other epidermal cells) that anchor epidermis to basal membrane

BIO-203 (3 decks)

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