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BIO-203 > The Integumentary System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

The Integumentary System (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Define cutaneous membrane

A

the skin

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2
Q

What are the two basic layers and the associated layer of the cutaneous membrane from superficial to deep?

A

the epidermis, the dermis, the hypodermis

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3
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection- coverage, fluid retention
Excretion & Secretion- glandular action
Thermoregulation- sweat glands, vasculature
Synthesis & Storage of Nutrients- lipid,D3,excess
Sensory Reception- sensory receptors

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4
Q

Layers of the Epidermis (thick skin) from deep to superficial

A 
Stratum Basale 
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum 
Stratum Lucidum (thick skin) 
Stratum Corneum
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5
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum basale

A

formation of epidermal ridges to interact with dermal papillae thus increasing supply to nutrients.

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6
Q

The epidermis is ______

A

avascular

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7
Q

Describe the characteristics of the stratum spinosum

A

layer of cells produced via stem cell division within stratum basale

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8
Q

Describe the characteristics of the stratum grandulosum

A

area of keratin production

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9
Q

Define keratin

A

water resistant protein key to accessory structures. Causes cell death.

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10
Q

This is the unique characteristic of thick skin

A

the stratum lucidum

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11
Q

Describe the stratum lucidum

A

densely packed keratinized cells

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12
Q

describe the most superficial layer of the cutaneous membrane

A

the stratum corneum is composed of 15-30 layers of cornified, dead cells that clump together

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13
Q

what are several functions of the stratum corneum

A

prevent infection, prevent fluid loss, protection from shock

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14
Q

Name the layers of the dermis from superficial to deep

A

Dermal papillary

Dermal Reticular

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15
Q

describe the dermal papillary layer

A

thinner epidermal layer, just deep to the epidermis, invaginates into epidermis to supply with nutrients

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the deepest dermal layer

A

the dermal reticular layer is an interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers

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17
Q

describe the role of collagen fibers in the dermal reticular layer

A

collagen fibers extend into the dermal papillary and into the hypodermis to anchor the integument

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18
Q

hair follicles and sweat glands are derived from the ______

A

epidermis

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19
Q

the cutaneous plexus originates from the _______ and extend into the ______ layer

A

originate from hypodermis, extend into the dermal reticular layer

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20
Q

list structures found in the dermal reticular layer

A

blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves to supply nutrients, eliminate waste and respond to stimuli

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21
Q

this layer is made of dense, irregular connective tissue

A

dermal reticular

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22
Q

this layer is made of loose connective tissue

A

hypodermis

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23
Q

a significant function of the hypodermis includes:

A

stabilizes cutaneous membrane to underlying tissue, giving skin a smooth surface

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24
Q

____ is common in hypodermis

A

adipose

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25
this layer contains capillaries that supply the epidermis
dermal papillary
26
which layer stabilizes skin to underlying tissues
hypodermis
27
name three pigments found in skin
Chromatophores, carotenes, melanin
28
what is the primary pigmentation of carotenes?
various colors. they are uncommon
29
What is a primary function of melanin?
UV protection
30
What colors are associated with melanin?
tan, yellow, brown, black
31
What produces melanin?
Melanocytes
32
How does the role of melanocytes explain skin color?
Melanin functions to protect from UV radiation, therefore higher exposure to UV leads to more melanin produced
33
where to carotenes accumulate?
epidermis
34
where do melanocytes produce melanin?
near stratum basale
35
what are color changing pigments?
Chromatophores
36
What is the color changing mechanism of Chromatophores?
differential contraction of pigment containing vesicles
37
what, besides pigmentation, plays a role in skin color?
blood
38
What is synthesized in the cutaneous membrane subsequent to UV exposure?
Vitamin D3 is synthesized from a derivative of the cholesterol in the skin when exposed to UV
39
What is the importance of D3?
it is metabolized by the liver and kidneys to calcitriol
40
What is the importance of calcitriol?
it allows calcium and phosphorus to be absorbed from diet
41
name two differential methods of acquiring D3
from diet (deep sea eating plankton), through grooming behaviors
42
why are hairs nonliving structures?
they are keratinized
43
what forms hair follicles?
invagination of epidermis into dermis
44
where is the site of hair growth?
the matrix; stem cell division
45
what is the name of the hair 1/2 way to the surface?
the hair root
46
what is the name of the hair once it is at the surface?
the hair shaft
47
list the functions of hair
- protection of integument - prevention entry to openings - thermoregulation -sensory perception -express emotion
48
what explains differences in hair color?
type and amount of melanin formed by melanocytes
49
Describe the pigmentation of someone with blonde hair?
no pigment
50
describe the pigment of someone with red hair?
not enough pigment to cover red hair
51
brown hair pigmentation is?
red pigment but enough brown to cover
52
What structure is involved with involuntarily standing up hair?
Arrector pili muscle
53
What describes how scales are, in general, derived?
derived differently in different organisms
54
The main types of scales are
epidermal and dermal
55
What are osteoderms
dermal scales with bony components
56
What best describes the function of scales?
primarily protective, some are highly modified for other functions
57
Epidermal scales are not _______ but are part of the ______
not descrete, part of the whole epidermis
58
What is the manifestation of epidermal scales not being discrete?
Ecdysis- shedding of large chinks of epidermis
59
Feathers are _____
complex form of highly modified epidermal scales
60
feathers are technically ____ scales
epidermal
61
two major types of feathers are
Vaned | Down
62
description and function of vaned feathers
like quill, stiff and orderly, allow aviation
63
describe the structure and function of down feathers
soft and fluffy, thermoregulation
64
function of feathers
thermoregulation, waterproofing, flight
65
archoosaurs
birds and crocidiles
66
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
excrete sebum
67
what is sebum?
a mixture of lipids that lubricates and keeps hydrated the stratum corneum
68
what are the primary mechanisms of sebum secretion via sebaceous glands?
secretion into hair follicles, or sebaceous follicles secreting sebum onto surfaces
69
what are sebaceous follicles?
folliceles that secrete sebum onto skin
70
define the relationship between sebaceous glands and hormonal changes
sensitive to hormonal changes
71
what causes acne
inflamed sebaceous glands
72
what are sudoriferous glands?
sweat glands
73
sudoriferous glands are found in _____
mammals
74
what are the two types of sudoriferous glands?
Apocrine sweat glands | Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
75
what sweat glands become active at puberty?
apocrine seat glands
76
describe the secretion of apocrine sweat glands
secrete sticky, cloudy sweat into hair follicles in armpits around nipples and in the pubic region
77
what causes the odor of sweat?
bacteria
78
what is the main thermoregulatory sweat in hoofed mammals?
apocrine sweat glands
79
main purpose of apocrine sweat?
signaling
80
only location of eccrine sweat glands on most mammals?
soles and palms
81
where are eccrine sweat glands in humans?
body wide
82
describe the function of eccrine sweat glands
secretion of water perspiration directly onto skin through coiled tubular structures
83
sweat contains
electrolytes (move water), urea (slightly antibiotic) and organic nutrients
84
why is sweat salty?
sodium chloride
85
function of eccrine sweat glands?
thermoregulation via evaporation
86
what are two variations of modified sudoriferous glands?
mammary glands and ceruminous glands
87
function of mammary glands
secrete milk
88
ceruminous gland function
secretion of wax that combines with sebaceous oil to become earwax
89
genetics of earwax
mendellian. wet type is dominant, dry is recessive
90
function of nails
protect distal phalange
91
what portion of the nail can we see?
the nail body
92
what is the deeper layer of epithelium covered by the nail body?
the nail bed
93
site of nail gowth
the nail root
94
what covers the nail root?
the cuticle (eponychum)
95
what is the lunula?
pale cresant around nail root
96
claws are related to nails how?
developmentally and structurally but have a living interior
97
what is a pointed structure found not on a appendage?
a spur
98
what are hooves?
broad, flat keratinized structures used to support body weight
99
what is the basis for skin repair?
epithelium and connective tissue undergo cell division
100
steps of skin repair
- scab formation - tissue granulation - scab removal - scar formation
101
describe scab formation
a blood clot that forms on the surface that acts as a temporary patch to seal off the wound
102
describe granulation tissue
formed from the combination of the fibrin blood clot, fibroblast and capillaries
103
describe the action of macrophages in granulation tissue throughout the process of skin repair
clean up debris
104
what forms a scar?
the remaining meshwork of collagen fibers
105
keloid scars
thicker, raised, smooth and shiny on epidermal tissue
106
define a burn
large area of tissue damage by any mechanism
107
what determines burn severity?
extent of area, depth of tissue impacted
108
characterizations of first degree burns
only epidermis affected, redness and pain, no blisters or swelling
109
2nd degree burns
extends through epidermis and part of the dermis, redness, pain and blistering
110
3rd degree burns
entire thickness of skin destroyed, leathery surface wound, no pain felt
111
4th degree burns
involvement of tissue to the bone
112
second degree burn is critical if
covers more than 25% surface area
113
third degree burns are critical if
covers more than 10% body surface area
114
4th degree burns are critical if
always
115
third degree burns on _____ are always critical
face, hands, feet
116
the front and back of head are each___ of BSA
4.5%
117
the front and back of arms are each ___ of BSA (per arm)
4.5%
118
the anterior and posterior torso is ___ of BSA
18%
119
the genitalia are _ BSA
1%
120
the front and back of each leg is __ BSA
9%
121
major health concerns and causes of burns are
fluid loss- no keratin left heat loss (hypothermia) bacterial infection
122
what layer of cutaneous membrane gives fingerprint?
dermal papillary
123
how many layers does thin skin have?
4
124
The cells in all of the layers except the stratum basale are called
A keratinocyte is a cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin.
125
The stratum basale is a single layer of cells primarily made of
basal cells (stem cells that produce all other epidermal cells) that anchor epidermis to basal membrane

BIO-203 (3 decks)

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