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Anatomy and Phisiology > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

0
Q

Bone structure

A

A form of connective tissue

Consists of matrix in which cells are suspended

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1
Q

Functions of the Skeleton

A 
Structural support
Protect internal organs
Provide leverage for movement
Stores Ca
Produces blood cells
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2
Q

Bone Structure - Matrix

A
  1. Organic component ( osteoid) made up of collagen and protein complexes. Strong, flexible but easily compressed.
  2. Inorganic component (hydroxyapatite) - deposition of mineral salts CaPO4 and CaCO3. Hard, inflexible and brittle.
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3
Q

Bone Structure - Cells

A

Osteoblasts - secrete osteoid and responsible for mineral deposition.
Osteogenic stem cells - found in endosteum and periosteum. Develop into osteoblasts
Osteocytes - mature bone cells, maintain the matrix; located in lacunae (nests).
Osteoclasts - remove minerals from the matrix, responsible for bone remodelling

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4
Q

Two Types of Bone Tissue

A

Compact bone

Cancellous bone - in the interior of the bone

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5
Q

Compact Bone

A

Basic functional unit is the Osteon (haversian system).
Osteons aligned in the same direction to increase unidirectional strength.
Circumferential lamellae (outside)
Canal of Volkmann
Interstitial lamellae (filling the gaps)

http://tle.westone.wa.gov.au/content/file/969144ed-0d3b-fa04-2e88-8b23de2a630c/1/human_bio_science_3b.zip/content/003_musculo_skeletal_support/page_05.htm

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6
Q

Osteon

A 
Basic functional unit in compact bone
Haversian canal
Blood vessels
Osteocytes in lacunae
Canaliculli (little channels)
Concentric lamellae
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7
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

Trabeculae of cancellous bone arranged haphazardly

Spaces between the trabeculae contain bone marrow

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8
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Found in spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone and medullary cavities of long bones
Red bone marrow - myeloid tissue (haemopoietic)
Yellow bone marrow - fatty tissue that doesn’t produce blood. Can be transformed into red in anaemia.

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9
Q

Classification of Bones by Shape

A

Long bones - act as levers. Femur, metatarsals , phalanges.
Short bones - glide across one another. Carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones).
Flat bones - protect organs, for muscle attachment. Sternum, scapula, pelvic, cranial.
Irregular bones - for muscle attachment. Vertebrae, some skull of bones.

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10
Q

Structure of long bone

A 
Periosteum - outside
Endosteum - inside
Marrow cavity - middle
Epiphysis (distal and proximal)
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
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11
Q

Bone Formation

A

Ossification or osteogenesis
Two methods:
1. Intramembranous
2. Endochondral

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12
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

In flat bones and the clavicles
3 stages:
1. Mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid (organic component). Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. Deposition of Ca salts leads to calcification.
2. Blood vessels grow into area to supply nutrients and oxygen.
3. Initially only cancellous bones but remodelling occurs and compact bone developers.

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13
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Inside +cartilage=endochondral
For long bones
1. Cartilage model laid down
2. Outer cells into osteoblasts, develops blood supply.
3. Cells in diaphysis differentiate into osteoblasts - primary ossification centre.
4. Osteoclasts erode centre of diaphysis - marrow cavity. It fills with fat.
5. Secondary ossification centres develop in the epiphyses and epiphyseal cartilage replaced by bone.
6. Thin plate of cartilage remains at the metaphysis - epiphyseal plate.

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14
Q

Bone Growth

A

Sex, growth and thyroid hormones stimulate bone growth.
1.New cartilage is laid at the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
2. Osteoblasts invade the cartilage and replace with bone.
As long as the speed of cartilage growth exceeds the rate of osteoblast activity, the bone will grow in length.
3. When osteoblast activity increases and catches up with with cartilage formation, the epiphysel plate narrows and disappears - growth is halted.

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15
Q

Epiphysal line

A

?

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16
Q

Bone remodelling

A

Ca salts are deposited and resorbed
Bone thickened in areas of increased strength
Injured bones replaced

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17
Q

Types of Fracture

A 
Compound (open wound) or simple (closed)
Greenstick - children
Comminuted - lots of bone ends
Linear - the same direction as bone
Transverse - perpendicular 
Oblique - diagonal 
Spiral
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18
Q

Features of Synovial Joints

A

Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid

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19
Q

Bone Healing

A
  1. Haematoma formation.
  2. Area invaded by capillaries, fibroblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts & osteogenic cells. Soft callus.
  3. Soft callus hardened by mineral deposition (bony callus)
  4. Remodelling by osteoclasts
    Takes 8 weeks. Good blood supply, no infections
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20
Q

Joints Functional Classification

A

Synarthrosis: little or no movement e.g. Suture
Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable e.g. Intervertebral discs
Diarthroses: freely moveable e.g. Hip

21
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Cartilaginous: bones held together by cartilage e.g. Intervertebral discs
Fibrous: bones held together by collagenous fibres e.g. Skull sutures
Synovial: bones separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in a fibrous capsule e.g. Hip

22
Q

Ball and socket Synovial Joint

A 
E.g. Shoulder
Flexion & extension
Abduction & adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
23
Q

Hinge Synovial Joints

A

E.g. elbow

Flexion & extension

24
Q

Gliding Synovial Joint

A

E.g. Sternoclavicular

Sliding

25
Q

Pivot Synovial Joint

A

E.g. Atlantoaxial

Rotation

26
Q

Ellipsoid

A

E.g. Radiocarpal
Flexion & extension
Abduction & adduction

27
Q

Saddle Synovial Joint

A

E.g. Thumb
Flexion & extension
Adduction & adduction

28
Q

Axial Skeletone

A 
18 bones
The skull
Ribs
Vertebral column
Sternum
29
Q

The Skull

A 
Frontal
Maxilla
Mandible
Temporal
Occipital 
Parietal
30
Q

Maxilla

A

The bone of the skull (blush area)

31
Q

Mandible

A

The skull bone (jaw)

32
Q

Vertebral column

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Lamber 5
Sacral 5
Coccygeal 4
33
Q

Ribs

A

True ribs ?
False ribs ?
Floaters 2

34
Q

Sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphisternum

35
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A 
126 bones
Pectoral girdle
Upper limb
Pelvic girdle
Lower limb
36
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Attaches upper limb to the body

Scapulae & clavicle

37
Q

Scapula

A

Sits on posterior aspect of the thorax

Forms the shoulder joint - the glenoid process of the scapula forms a ball and socket joint with the head of the humerus

38
Q

Clavicle - collar bone

A

Articulates laterally with the acromion process of the scapula
Articulates medially with the sternum - the only articulation between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton

39
Q

The Upper Limb

A

Arm
Forearm
Hand

40
Q

Humerus

A

Bone of the arm
Proximally the Head articulates with the glenoid fossa to form the shoulder joint
Distally the trochlear articulates with the ulna and capitulum articulates with the radius to form the elbow
Humerus: greater tubercle, medial and lateral epicondyles

41
Q

Radius & ulna

A

Bones of forearm
Ulna is medial to radius
Ulna: olecranon, head, styloid process
Radius: head, styloid process

42
Q

Bones of the hand

A

Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals (wrist bones)

43
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist bones

44
Q

Phalanges

A

Finger bones

45
Q

Pelvic girdle (pelvis)

A

Sacrum

Two os coxae

46
Q

Ox coxa

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
They fuse at the acetabulum which articulates with the head of the femur at the hip joint
Ox coxae articulates at the symphysis pubic

47
Q

The Lower Limb

A

Thigh
Leg
Foot

48
Q

Femur

A

Bone of the thigh

49
Q

Comminuted

A

Type of fracture with lots of bone ends

Anatomy and Phisiology (2 decks)

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