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Anatomy and Phisiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Generate glucose
Convert to energy (neurons and RBCs depend on glucose)
Form structural components of other molecules (glycoproteins )
Provide energy stores (glycogen, excess is stored as fat)
230 g/day

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2
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sucrose - glucose and fructose
Lactose - glucose and galactose
Maltose - glucose and glucose

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3
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen (found in small amounts in cooked meats)
Cellulose (not digested in humans, but important source of fibre)

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4
Q

Proteins, what they make?

A 
Skeletal muscles
Enzymes
Hormones
Cell membrane receptors
Collagen
Haemoglobin
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5
Q

Proteins

A

20 amino acids
8 can’t be made by the body, so must be ingested:
Leucine, Phenylalanine, Glutamine, Lysine, Tyrosine, Methionine
GDA 40-60 g/day

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6
Q

Lipids

A

Male 15%, female 25%
Twice as much energy as sugars and proteins
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins (K & D)
Plasma membranes and myeline
Precursor of steroids, bile salts, vitamin D, prostaglandins

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7
Q

Lipid transport

A

Transported in blood as lipoprotein droplets
Core is made of cholesterol and triglycerides
Outer coating is made of proteins and phospholipids
- Chylomicrones (protein coated lipid droplets)
- VLDL ( very low density lipoproteins)
- LDLs (less protein, more fat)
Density refers to protein/fat ratio
- HDLs (more protein, less fat)

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8
Q

Vitamins

A

Act as co-enzymes in metabolism
K and D are synthesised by the body
Fat soluble - A, D, E, K
Water soluble - B, C

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9
Q

Minerals

A

Many electrolytes
Recommended Na intake 6g/day
Diet contains 4.5g/day
Only need 2 g/day

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

Anabolism - building, uses energy

Catabolism - breaking, releases energy ATP

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11
Q

1 kcal

A

Amount of heat required to heat 1L of water by 1degree C

1 kcal= 4.184 KJ

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12
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Rate of energy released from cell, thyroxine is involved

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13
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

Energy release required to support vital organs at rest (12 hours of fasting in warm environment)
2000 kcal women
2400 kcal men

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14
Q

Chylomicrones

A

Transport triglycerides and cholesterol from small intestine to liver (and adipocytes) via lymphatic vessels.

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15
Q

Carbohydrates Anabolism

A

Glucose converted to glycogen or triglycerides for storage

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16
Q

Carbohydrate Catabolism

A

Glucose is used to form ATP by glycolysis or TCA cycle

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17
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Anabolic reaction (no O2 )
Glucose - 2 ATP + 2 pyruvic acid
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18
Q

Fate of pyruvate

A

In the presence of O2 pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid.
With O2 pyruvic acid passes into mitochondrion to enter the TCA cycle and electron transport chain. This produces 36 ATP

19
Q

Protein Metabolism

A

Anabolism
- amino acids are used to form new proteins
Catabolism
- amino acids can enter TCA cycle
- NH2 is removed, it becomes NH3 (ammonia), then to urea by the liver, then excreted in the urine.

20
Q

Lipid Metabolism

A 
Anabolism
- fatty acids and glycerol convert to triglycerides 
- lipogenesis: triglycerides formed from from amino acids and glucose
Catabolism
- lipolysis
- breaking down fat for fuel
   Glycerol - glycolysis
   Fatty acids - Acetyl Co A - TCA cycle
21
Q

Metabolic States

A 
Absorptive
- up to 4 hours after meal
- mainly anabolic
Post absorptive
- from 4 hours after meal
- no absorption
- mainly catabolic
22
Q

Normal blood glucose

A

3.5 - 8.0 mmol/L

Fasting 3.5 - 5.5 mmol/L

23
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

24
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

25
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of glucose from amino acids

26
Q

During Absorptive state

A

Blood glucose is high

Insulin is secreted by beta cells of pancreas

27
Q

Insulin

A 
Beta cells of pancreas
Lowers blood glucose by
- increasing entry of glucose into cells ( increasing carriers for facilitated diffusion)
- stimulating glycogenesis
- stimulating protein and fat synthesis
- inhibiting gluconeogenesis
28
Q

During post absorptive state

A 
Prevent blood glucose falling
GLUCAGON 
- secreted by alfa cells in pancreas 
- stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis & lipolysis
ADRENALINE
- stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis (injury, fear, anger, stress)
GLUCOCORTICOID ( cortisone , cortisole)
- stimulate gluconeogenesis
29
Q

Ketones

A

When the liver breaks down fats and proteins
- too much Acetyl-Co A to enter TCA cycle
- Acetyl-Co A is converted to ketone bodies
Some cells use ketone bodies for energy (heart and kidneys)
Too many ketone bodies leads to ketoacidosis

30
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Lack of insulin leads to increased breakdown of fats and amino acids and can result in ketoacidosis

31
Q

How does prosteroegen influence digestion ?

A

It causes constipation in pregnancy

32
Q

Glucagon

A

A carbohydrate stored in the liver

33
Q

Glutamine

A

Amino acid

34
Q

Methionine

A

Essential amino acid - can’t be synthesised by the body

Antidote to paracetamol

35
Q

Leucine

A

One of 8 essential amino acids

36
Q

Phenylalanine

A

One of 8 essential amino acids

37
Q

Lysine

A

One of 8 essential amino acids

38
Q

Tyrosine

A

Amino acid

39
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

Promotes glycogen disposition and has anti inflammatory effects

40
Q

Glucagon

A

Elevates blood glucose level

41
Q

Insuline

A

Reduces blood glucose levels and promotes protein synthesis

42
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of glucose from non carbohydrates

43
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose

44
Q

Glycolysis

A

The process by which the cell breaks down to produce ATP

45
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Lack of insulin leads to increased breakdown of fats and amino acids and can result in ketoacidosis

46
Q

Ketones

A

When liver breaks down fats and proteins, Acetyl-Co A enters TCA cycle and is converted to ketone bodies
Heart and kidneys use ketones for energy

Anatomy and Phisiology (2 decks)

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