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Level 2 Fitness instructing (module 1) > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name functions of skeleton

A

Framework
Movement or Locomotion
Protection
Soft tissue attachment
Production
Storage

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2
Q

Framework (describe)

A

supports the body and gives it shape

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3
Q

Movement or Locomotion (describe)

A

bones form joints which act as levers

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4
Q

Protection (describe)

A

helps protect internal organs from being damaged

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5
Q

Soft tissue attachment (describe)

A

provides surfaces for the attachment of soft tissues

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6
Q

Production (describe)

A

certain bones produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets from their bone marrow

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7
Q

Storage (describe)

A

-stores minerals such as calcium/phosphorus to withstand powerful physical stresses

-fats are stored in yellow bone marrow

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8
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull, spine, ribs, sternum

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9
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

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10
Q

What bones make up the SKULL?

A

cranial

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11
Q

Number of cranial bones?

A

8

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12
Q

What bones make up the SPINE?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

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13
Q

Number of cervical bones & their location?

A

7, neck

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14
Q

Number of thoracic bones & their location?

A

12, chest

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15
Q

Number of lumbar bones & their location?

A

5, lower back

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16
Q

Number of sacral bones & their location?

A

5, rump

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17
Q

Number of coccygeal bones & their location?

A

4, tail

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18
Q

What bones make up the CHEST & how many & purpose?

A

sternum

1

attachment of true ribs, false ribs & clavicle

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19
Q

What bones make up the SHOULDER & how many do we have?

A

scapula, 2
clavicle, 2

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20
Q

Describe shape & location of scapulae

A

triangular bones at rear of body

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21
Q

Describe shape & location of clavicle

A

‘S’ shaped bones above rib cage and at front of body

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22
Q

What bones make up the ARM?

A

humerus, radius, ulna

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23
Q

Humerus location

A

upper arm

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24
Q

Radius location/description

A

outer/shorter bone of forearms

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25
Q

Ulna location/description

A

inner/longer bone of forearm

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26
Q

What bones make up the HANDS & how many do we have?

A

carpal, 16

metacarpal, 10

phalange, 28

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27
Q

Carpal description

A

2 rows of 4 bones, forming wrist

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28
Q

Metacarpal description

A

Palm of hand

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29
Q

Phalange description (hand)

A

Finger bones

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30
Q

What bones make up the PELVIS & how many do we have?

A

Ilium, 2
Ischium, 2
Pubis, 2

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31
Q

Ilium description

A

large, flat bones of pelvis

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32
Q

Ischium location

A

lower, rear of pelvis

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33
Q

Pubis location

A

lower, front of pelvis

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34
Q

What bones make up the LEGS?

A

femur, patella, tibia, fibula

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35
Q

Femur description/location

A

longest bone in body

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36
Q

Patella description/location

A

kneecap

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37
Q

Tibia description/location

A

larger & inner bone of lower leg

38
Q

Fibula description/location

A

smaller & outer bone of lower leg

39
Q

What bones make up the FOOT & how many do we have?

A

tarsal, 14
metatarsal,10
phalange, 28

40
Q

Tarsal description

A

bones of ankle

41
Q

Metatarsal description

A

bones of foot

42
Q

Phalange description (foot)

A

bones of toes

43
Q

Types of classifications of bones

A

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

44
Q

LONG bones description

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • contain mostly compact bone in the shaft (diaphysis)
  • contain cancellous bones at each end (epiphysis)
45
Q

SHORT bones description

A
  • as long as they are wide, consist of mainly cancellous bones
  • the above makes them
    strong/lightweight
46
Q

FLAT bones description

A
  • thin, cancellous bones sandwiched between 2 layers of compact bone
  • provide large areas for muscle
    attachment
47
Q

IRREGULAR bones description

A

many different shapes, prevent them from being classified in any other group

48
Q

SESAMOID bones description

A
  • ‘seed like’
  • located within tendons at site of tension/friction to protect joint & aid leverage
49
Q

Examples of long bones

A

humerus
radius
ulna
tibia
fibula
metacarpals
phalanges
metatarsals

50
Q

Examples of short bones

A

carpals
tarsals

51
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

cranium
scapula
costals
sternum
ilium

52
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae

53
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

patella

54
Q

Epiphysis (epiphyses)

A
  • bone ends, mainly comprised of
    cancellous bone.
  • house much of red marrow involved
    in RBC production
  • one of primary sites for bone growth
  • can be vulnerable to breakage
    during growth period
55
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • the shaft portion of a long bone
  • is predominantly compact bone (although inside of shaft is hollow)
  • principle role is to support
56
Q

Epiphyseal line (plates):

A
  • part of region connecting diaphysis
    to epiphysis
  • is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous
    cells where growth in length of
    diaphysis occurs
  • cartilaginous cell multiply here
  • they move toward diaphysis,
    becoming more calcified as they go
  • osteoblasts continue & complete
    process of bone formation
57
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A
  • ends of articulating bones are
    covered with articular cartilage
  • is a hard, white, shiny tissue
  • along with synovial fluid, helps
    reduce friction
  • necessary for smooth joint action
58
Q

Types of bone tissue

A

compact (cortical bone)
cancellous (spongy bone)

59
Q

Compact bone

A
  • dense material
  • hard outer structure of skeleton
  • comprised of lamellae-sheets of collagen aligned in parallel patterns
  • these sheets give bones strength
  • supplied with oxygen/nutrients through blood supply in Haversian canals/osteons
60
Q

Cancellous bone

A
  • less dense
  • makes up ends of bone/is surrounded by compact bone
  • highly vascularised and is where blood cells are formed
61
Q

Periosteum

A
  • forms tough fibrous membrane, coating bone
  • contains nerves, blood vessels & bone producing cells
  • inner surface provides materials for nutrition repair & facilitates growth in diameter of bone
  • provides point of attachment for tendons
62
Q

Medullary cavity

A
  • space in centre of diaphysis
  • contains fatty yellow marrow (predominantly comprised of adipose tissue-a useful energy reserve)
63
Q

Endosteum

A
  • connective tissue deep within bone
  • a thin vascular membrane that lines inner surface of the bone that forms the medullary cavity
64
Q

What cells play important roles in bone formation?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

65
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells

66
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone destroying cells

67
Q

Osteocytes

A

osteoblasts which have matured into bone cells

68
Q

Ossification

A

creation of new bone tissue from either cartilage or stress and injury

69
Q

When does ossification take place?

A

from birth and can be complete between ages of 18-30

70
Q

Osteoblasts’ role in ossification

A

deposit minerals into bone tissue

71
Q

Osteoclasts’ role in ossification

A

occupy cracks in bone and dissolve surrounding damaged tissue

72
Q

Osteocytes’ role in ossification

A

mature osteoblasts that have created their own site within bone tissue to maintain the structure

73
Q

What main mineral is require to covert cartilage into skeletal tissue?

A

Calcium

74
Q

How is bone elongation achieved?

A

-through expansion of epiphyseal
growth plates at each end of the
diaphysis

-these plates expand, allowing new
cells to form and increasing the
length of the shaft at both ends

75
Q

What causes ossification to stop?

A

-when the thickness of the epiphyseal
plates decreases

-occurs at different rates for different
bones

76
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone growth & repair?

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Bone generation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodelling
77
Q

Hematoma formation

A

-blood vessels in the broken bone
tear & haemorrhage, forming blood
clot/hematoma at site of break

-severed blood vessels at broken
ends of bone are sealed by clotting
process

-bone cells deprived of nutrients
begin to die

78
Q

Bone generation

A

-within days of the fracture,
capillaries grow into hematoma,
while phagocytic cells begin to clear
away dead cells

-fibroblasts & osteoblasts enter area
and begin reforming bone

-fibroblasts produce collagen fibres
that connect broken bone ends,
while osteoblasts start to form
spongy bone

79
Q

Bony callus formation

A

-fibrocartilaginous callus is converted
into bony callus of spongy bone

-takes about 2 months for broken
bone ends to be firmly joined
together after fracture

80
Q

Bone remodelling

A

-bony callus then remodelled by osteoclasts & osteoblasts with excess material on exterior of bone and within medullary cavity being removed

-compact bone is added, creating
bone tissue similar to original
unbroken bone

-this can take many months; bone
may remain uneven for years

81
Q

What creates bone strength?

A

hardness of minerals combined with tensile properties of collagen

82
Q

What does too little collagen in a bone cause?

A

shatter

83
Q

What does too little minerals in a bone cause?

A

bend

84
Q

What hormone predominantly regulates bone formation in pre-puberty years?

A

human growth hormone (HGH)

85
Q

What bodily functions is calcium involved?

A

muscular contraction

transmission of nervous impulses

regulating fluid balance

86
Q

What does body do when calcium is lacking?

A

-will be withdrawn from bones

-is why diets chronically low in
calcium tend to increase risk of
osteoporosis

87
Q

Osteoporosis risk factors

A
  • female sex
  • inactive lifestyle
  • calcium deficiency
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • family history
  • low body fat
  • overtraining
88
Q

Prevention & Treatment for osteoporosis

A
  • diet
  • dairy products
  • restful sleep
  • calcium/vitamin D
  • limit coffee
  • stop smoking
  • limit alcohol
89
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

(brittle bone disease)

  • an imbalance of osteoblast &
    osteoclast activity
  • osteoblast activity decreases,
    causing drop in bone growth
  • this leads to gradual loss in bone
    density

=skeletal system unable to
withstand forces placed on it

90
Q

Factors effecting bone growth

A
  • nutrition
  • hormonal excretions
  • exposure to sunlight
  • physical exercise

Level 2 Fitness instructing (module 1) (6 decks)

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