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Small ruminants II > The sheep and goat year (health planning) > Flashcards

The sheep and goat year (health planning) Flashcards

1
Q

Sheep margins (£)

A

Gross margin: ewe- £32.50, lamb- from £80

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2
Q

Net profits of ewe

A

£-2.50 t0 £12.50

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3
Q

Aims of flock health schemes

A
  • Improve sheep health and welfare
    • Improve profitability for farmer
    • Maintain vet expertise and job satisfaction
      • Improve profitability for practice
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4
Q

Existing flock health schemes from Scotland rural university college

A

○ Premium health scheme for sheep and goats
○ MV/CAE
○ Johne’s
○ Enzootic abortion
○ Scrapie monitoring and genotyping for export

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5
Q

Lamb vaccinations against Clostridia and Mannheimia

A

○ Slight compromise due to different persistence of passive protection between Clostridia and Mannheimia
○ 3 months
○ 4 months

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6
Q

Clostridia and Mannheimia vaccination in ewes

A

2 months prior to lambing
E. coli vaccine also

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7
Q

Clostridia and Mannheimia vaccinations for rams

A

Annual booster for young stock

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8
Q

Costs of abortion

A
  • Cost of APHA investigation (fetus/placenta) = £110.20
  • Other costs/lost profits: vet fees, drugs, labour, disposal, loss of production of ewe, lost lamb
  • Total estimated cost = £85/ewe
  • National costs of EAE about £30M/yr
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9
Q

Abortion vaccines

A

Toxoplasma (Toxovac), Biannual boosters
Chlamydophila/EAE (Enzovax) annual booster, primary course in ewes one month prior to tupping

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10
Q

Orf vaccine

A

3 months prior to tupping
Live non-attenuated

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11
Q

Other possible vaccines for ewes

A
  • E. Coli (K99)
    • Erysipelas
    • Footrot
    • Louping ill
    • Salmonella
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12
Q

SCOPS

A
  • Quarantine treatment
  • tests for resistance
  • administer effectively - correct dose
  • use only when necessary - monitoring FEC
  • use the right drug
  • consider narrow spectrum, appropriate rotation
  • reduced dependence on anthelmintics
  • grazing management, resistant rams, risk assessment
  • preserve susceptible worms
  • reduce selection pressure for AR
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13
Q

Quarantine treatments

A
  • Drench all in-coming sheep
    ○ Levamisole (yellow)
    ○ ML, avermectin (clear drench or injectable)
    • Keep off pasture 24-48 hrs
    • Turn out onto dirty pasture (dilution effect)
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14
Q

Parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep

A
  • Anthelmintic resistance: BZ+++, L+, ML rare
    ○ 4-6 weekly if on dirty pasture
    ○ Prior to tupping only for thin ewes
    ○ At lambing (spring rise)
  • Leave 10% untreated!
  • Ewes - 3 & 6 weeks after turnout
  • Lambs
    ○ Wean at 5 months
    ○ Worm and put on clean pasture
    ○ ‘dose & move’ increases AR selection pressure
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15
Q

Liver fluke of sheep

A
  • Fluke forecast from ministry
    • Individual farm risk factors
    • Prevention
      ○ Triclabendazole
      ○ Nitorxynil, closantel possible alternatives
      ○ October
      ○ January
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16
Q

Footrot in sheep (Dichelobacter nodosus)

A

Footrot is an infectious disease

If you find sheep lame with footrot
○ Treat within 3 days with an antibiotic injection and spray
○ Do not trim the feet at all
○ If possible, separate sheep with footrot or scald from the flock

17
Q

Scald in sheep

A

In some cases scald can progress to footrot

D. Nodosus exploits damage

Treat individual cases of scald in adult sheep as Early stage Footrot

AB sprays should clear most scald cases in lambs

Flock outbreaks of scald can be controlled by footbathing

18
Q

Control of footrot in sheep

A
  • Biosecurity (purchasing)
    • Quarantine (21 days, check before turn out)
    • Inspect (treat any with footrot or scald)
19
Q

When do preventative medicine visits occur?

A
  • Pre-tupping
    • Post tupping / mid pregnancy
    • Pre-lambing
    • Post-lambing
20
Q

Pre- tupping visits: rams

A
  • Numbers (1:10 for synchronised oestrus, 1:40-60 otherwise)
  • Physical exam
    ○ Condition score (4 at tupping)
    ○ External appearance
    ○ Feet and teeth
    ○ Scrotum
    ○ Testes
    ○ Penis
  • Semen evaluation
  • Vasectomies
21
Q

Pre-tupping visit ewes

A

Pre-tupping visit: ewes
- Physical exam
○ Condition score 3-3,5 at tupping
○ External appearance
- History
○ Mastitis
○ Hypomagnesaemia
○ Lameness
- Abortion vaccines
- Worming
- Weaning

22
Q

Pre-tupping visit: lambs

A
  • Physical exam
    ○ Growth rates
    ○ Lameness
    ○ Scouring
    ○ Wool condition
    • Anthelminitc usage
      ○ Frequency
      ○ Type
      ○ Faecal examination
    • Vaccines
    • Trace elements (Cu, Co, Se)
23
Q

Pre-tupping feeding

A
  • Ewes
    ○ Flushing
    ○ Differential feeding by CS post weaning
    ○ Feeding advice through to mid pregnancy
    • Rams
      ○ Concentrate feeding rams through tupping
    • Lambs
      ○ Clean grazing for lambs post weaning
    • Winter feed analysis
24
Q

Pre-tupping visit: the report

A
  • Ram examinations
    • Health plan update
    • Purchase of replacement stock
    • Biosecurity advice
    • Date of next visit
25
Q

Post-tupping visit: rams

A
  • Check CS
    • Feeding
    • Worming/fluke
    • Vaccination
    • Foot care
    • External parasites
26
Q

Post-tupping visit: ewes

A
  • Do not stress during first trimester
    • Physical exam
    • History (tupping results, scanning 80-100 days)
    • Mineral status
    • Vaccination and worming
    • Ewe lamb management
    • Last 6-8 weeks of pregnancy are critical
    • Increase energy levels - 12 ME/kg
    • Differential feeding
      ○ By condition score
      ○ By scanning results
27
Q

Pre-lambing visit: ewes

A
  • Physical exam - BCS
    • History
      ○ Vaccination/worming
      ○ Abortions
      ○ Pregnancy toxaemia
      ○ Hypocalcaemia
      ○ Prolapses (lots of bulky forage can add to the problem)
      ○ Infections (e.g. Orf)
    • Samples
      ○ BHB
      ○ Albumin/urea
28
Q

Pre-lambing: feeding

A
  • Post lambing ewe feeding
    ○ Consideration of milk production
    ○ Prevention of hypomagnesaemia
    • Lambs
      ○ Creep feeding
      ○ Artificial rearing
    • Rams
      ○ Maintenance
29
Q

Post lambing visit: ewes

A
  • Condition scores
    • Worming schedules
    • Hypomagnesaemia
    • Mastitis
    • Foot care
30
Q

Post-lambing visit: lambs

A

Growth rates

Neonatal losses
○ Hypothermia
○ Colibacillosis (review hygiene, vaccination of ewes)
○ Erysipelas (review treatment/vaccination)
○ Coccidiosis (review hygiene, treatment)

Worming

Vaccination

Weaning

31
Q

Flock replacements

A
  • 10% of ewes fail to raise lambs
    ○ Ewe deaths
    ○ Barren
    ○ Embryo loss
    ○ Abortion and still birth
    ○ Lamb deaths
    • Normal replacement rates 20%/year
    • Culling - identification important
32
Q

Replacements: quarantine

A
  • 21 days isolation and treat:
    • Ectoparasites
      ○ Ops or avermectine
      ○ If avermectins beware lice (amitraz, Ops)
    • Endoparasites
      ○ Levamisaole and avermectins, 48hrs then dirty pasture
      ○ Fluke - triclabendazole
    • Footrot and CODD - footbath twice in 21 days
33
Q

Replacements: vaccines

A
  • Clostridia & Mannhiemia (pasteurella)
    • Toxoplasma
    • Chlamydophilia (EAE)
    • Footrot
    • Orf
    • Louping ill
    • E. coli
    • Erysipelas

Small ruminants II (3 decks)

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