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Small ruminants II > Goats > Flashcards

Goats Flashcards

1
Q

% off ruminant population made up of goats

A

16%

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2
Q

Which breeds of goats are kept for fibre

A

Cashmere and mohair

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3
Q

What % of the worlds milk production is by goats

A

2%

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4
Q

Commercial goat dairy farmers

A

500-5000+ milking goats

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5
Q

Expected milk yields of dairy goats

A

1000 + litres / goat / 305 day lactation

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6
Q

Housing goats

A

Most common and functional system is long pens with raised, central feeding passages

If in large groups they tend to be in deep litter

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7
Q

Goat milking parlours

A

Most commonly rotary parlours

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8
Q

Feeding dairy goats

A

Commonly complete diet (TMR), with maize silage as main ingredient

Constant access to good quality hay or barley straw essential to maintain healthy rumen function

Can graze, but more common to zero graze dairy herds for parasite control

Clean, fresh water

Salt licks or free access minerals are generally available

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9
Q

Veterinary input to dairy goats

A

Routine herd visits
Herd health schemes
- parasite control
- routine foot care
- mastitis action plan
- kid rearing

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10
Q

Show herds/small holders (goats)

A

Pedigree stock

4-10+ milking goats, often very high yielding

Often very knowledgeable

Housing variable, must be able to keep dry and away from draughts

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11
Q

Feeding goats (rules of thumb)

A

Feed milking goats like dairy cows

Feed pygmy goats and ‘pets’ like sheep

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12
Q

Feeding hay to goats

A

Use hay racks not hay nets

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13
Q

Goats and copper

A

More tolerant of copper than sheep so can feed cattle concentrates, but overfeeding (pig rations) will cause toxicity

BUT Angora goats seem less tolerant than dairy goats

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14
Q

Pet goat owners

A

Females or castrated males

Common problems are over or inappropriate feeding and poor foot care

Weight management is essential, predisposes arthritis and laminitis

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15
Q

Goat behaviour

A

Browsers not grazers

Range over a large area

Do not gain acquired immunity to GI parasites

Very fussy eaters

Kids are hiders not followers

Well defined social hierarchy, should be kept as much as possible in permanent groups

Overcrowding and boredom can lead to teat biting

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16
Q

Drug metabolism in goats

A

Elimination half-life of some drugs, including many anthelmintics is half that of sheep e.g. Meloxicam is 24hr in cattle, 10.85hrs in sheep and only 6.73 in goats

Virtually no licensed drugs for goats, and so nearly all drugs have mandatory 7 day withholding time for milk and 28 day withholding time for meat

All goats are food producing animals

Often get lameness after IM injections, safer to use subcut

Goats do not like pain and are susceptible to shock

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17
Q

Dairy goat breeds

A

Saanen (white)
British Saanen (white)
Toggenburg (brown and white)
British Toggenburg (brown and white)
British Alpine (black and white)
Anglonubian (roman nose, long ears)
Golden Guernsey (gold)

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18
Q

Fibre goat breeds

A

Angora (white, long hair, mohair)
Cashmere (improved feral goats)

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19
Q

Meat goat breeds

A

Boer

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20
Q

Body condition scoring goats

A

Lumbar score can be difficult as fat carried internally rather than subcutaneously

Use sternal score

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21
Q

Yearly oestrus patterns in goats

A

Seasonally polyoestrus

Totally anoestrus in the Northern hemisphere between March and August

Breeding season initiated largely in response to decreasing day length, also dependent on temperature, environment, and presence of a male

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22
Q

Age of puberty in goats

A

5 months

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23
Q

Age at first service in goats

A

4-6 months (male)
7-18 months (female)
60-70% of adult weight

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24
Q

Oestrus cycle in goats

A

19-21 days (dairy goats)
18-24 days (pygmy goats)

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25
Q

Duration of oestrus in goats

A

24-96 hours

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26
Q

Ovulation in goats

A

24-48hrs after the start of oestrus

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27
Q

Gestation length in goats

A

150 days (145-156 days)

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28
Q

Signs of oestrus in goats

A
  • Bleating
  • Tail wagging
  • Reduced milk yield (may rise just before oestrus)
  • A little vaginal mucus
  • Reddening and slight oedema of the vulva
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29
Q

Maintenance of pregnancy in the goat

A

CL dependent throughout

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30
Q

Termination of pregnancy in goats

A

Prostaglandins (due to it being CL maintained)

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31
Q

Methods of controlling oestrus cycles

A

Transitory period:
- buck effect
- progestagen sponge or CIDR + PMSG

Breeding season
- prostaglandin injection
- progestagen sponge or CIDR + PMSG

Out of breeding season
- lighting regimes
- progestagen sponge of CIDR + PMSG
- lighting regime + melatonin

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32
Q

Use of prostaglandins in the goat

A

Ÿ Timing of oestrus
Ÿ Synchronisation of oestrus
Ÿ Misalliance/Abortion
Ÿ Timing and synchronisation of parturition
Ÿ Always undertake an accurate PD before using to induce oestrus

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33
Q

Light control in the control of oestrus in goats

A

From January 1st, give 20hrs of artificial light for 60 days, oestrus occurs 7-10 weeks after returned to normal

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34
Q

Puberty in goats

A
  • Do not keep males with females after 4 months
  • Serve females when 60-70% of adult weight
  • In immature bucks, the penis has adhesions that prevent he penis from being fully extended. At puberty, these adhesions dissolve and the penis can be fully extended.
35
Q

Hydrometras in goats

A

Fluid filled [hypoechoic] uteri with no foetuses or cotyledons

Absence of pregnancy but presence of persistent CL

Doe acts as if pregnant

Cloudburst is when the fluids are released

Likely to recur if not pregnant

Treat with prostaglandin injection

36
Q

Pyometras in goats

A

Rare, present as fluid filled uteri but more hyperechoic than hydrometras

37
Q

Blood tests for pregnancy diagnosis in goats

A

Progesterone: almost 100% accuracy after 24 days ni determining non-pregnancy, but only 85-90% accurate in determining pregnancy

Oestrone sulphate: Can be used after 50 days, distinguishes between true pregnancy and hydrometra

38
Q

Infective causes of abortion in goats

A

Ÿ Chlamydia
Ÿ Toxoplasma
Ÿ Campylobacter
Ÿ Q-fever
Ÿ Stress (regression of corpus luteum)
Ÿ Unknown
Ÿ (Brucella melitensis)

39
Q

Intersex goats

A

Genetically female with normal female chromosome component, but show both male and female characteristics
Normally polled with polled parents

Freemartins also occasionally occur, but most females born as twins to males are normal

40
Q

Bleeding from the vulva in goats

A

Usually seen in old does as a result of uterine tumours (adenocarcinomas and leiomyomas-benign)

41
Q

Milking males (goats)

A

Males from high yielding families can show mammary development and some degree of milk production in the summer months. Protein and energy levels of feed should be reduced during summer. Gangrenous mastitis is not uncommon as a sequel.

42
Q

Routine vaccines in goats

A

Clostridial disease
- enterotoxaemia (Cl. perfringens type D)
- tetanus
- Lambivac (Cl perfringens types B, C, and D and Cl. tetani)
- OR Heptavac if Cl. novyi or chavoei confirmed in a herd

Respiratory disease:
- use of combined clostridial and pasteurella vaccines is not recommended
- rarely a problem in small herd
- no licensed Pasteurella vaccine

Johne’s disease
- killed vaccine available

Abortion
- Enzovac and toxovac

Bluetongue
- locationally specific serotypes
- inactivated BTV-8 vaccine available in UK

Schmallenburg
- used off license, sheep protocol?

43
Q

Lameness prevention for goats

A
  • Keep feet dry
  • keep feet moving
  • keep feet trimmed properly (usually monthly-every 6 weeks in smaller herds, going up to around 6 months in larger herds)
44
Q

Interdigital dermatitis in goats

A

Common problem in goats with access to grass paddocks in winter

45
Q

Foot rot in goats

A

infection may be introduced by clinical or subclinical carriers (goats, sheep, cattle or deer). The carrier state may persist for 2-3 years. Treatment and control as sheep - but goats are much more adept to avoiding foot baths.

46
Q

White line disease in goats

A

involves separation of a portion of the horny outer wall from the underlying sensitive laminae at the white line.
It is always the abaxial hoof wall that is affected.
Early foot trimming to pare away loose horn, leaving a characteristic half-moon shape of keratinised laminae, will resolve the problem before lameness occurs.

47
Q

Laminitis in goats

A

Acute laminitis:
- after any toxic condition
- a few days after kidding
- as a sequel to acidosis
- sudden onset of tender foot or feet, generally both front feet

Subclinical laminitis:
- common and underdiagnosed
- haemorrhage of wall, heel, and particularly sole

48
Q

Gastrointestinal parasites in goats

A

Goats do not develop immunity to nematodes so control necessary in all ages

Overuse of anthelmintics leads to the rapid development of resistance in sheep and goats, so should only be used if they actually need worming

Most susceptible are kids, newly kidded goats, and debilitated animals

Commonest worms are Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus

Selective treatment of animals significantly increases the percentage of the worms in refugia, slowing the rate with which resistance develops.

49
Q

Anthelmintics for goats

A

Higher dose rates required than in sheep

The avermectin, eprinomectin, has been shown to have a high activity against ivermectin-susceptible GI nematodes in goats and has a nil milk withdrawal time

The type of anthelmintic used should be rotated annually

50
Q

Benzimidazoles in goats

A

White

> 2x sheep dose rate

51
Q

Levamisole in sheep

A

Yellow

1.5x sheep dose rate

52
Q

Macrocyclic lactones in goats

A

Clear

2x sheep dose rate

53
Q

Monepantel, zolvix, amino-acetonitrile derivative

A

Orange

1.5x sheep dose rate

54
Q

Dequantel and abamectin

A

Not recommended for use in goats

2x sheep dose rate

55
Q

Johne’s disease in goats

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Largely a disease of commercial herds

Probably the single biggest cause of death or culling in these herds

Likely that an age related resistance to infection occurs in goats

Neonates are the most susceptible (first 30 days of life)

56
Q

Clinical signs of Johne’s in goats

A

Progressive wt. loss, may extend from weeks to months and leads to dramatic emaciation

Clinical disease is often triggered by stress such as parturition or introduction into new herd

Appetite maintained initially but subsequently decreases

Increasing lethargy & depression

Rough hair coat & flakey skin

Diarrhoea is not a feature except possibly terminally, unless there is concurrent parasitism

As the disease progresses a moderate anaemia of chronic infection may develop & clinical evidence of hypoproteinaemia such as intermandibular oedema may develop

Rarely occurs 1year of age & is most common in goats 2 or 3y old

57
Q

Where does Johne’s lay dormant?

A

The lamina propria of the intestine and the mesenteric LNs

58
Q

Control of Johne’s in goats

A

Identification and removal of infected animals from the herd

Improved management and hygiene

Vaccination of kids between 2-4 weeks of age

59
Q

Fading goat syndrome

A

Differential for Johne’s due to chronic weight loss

Many different causes (management, parasites, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic DJD, chronic lameness, oral problems)

60
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis in goats

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Rare but probably more common than reported

‘Onion ring’ appearance is generally absent

Pus is creamy white or yellow, and think and clinging

61
Q

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAE)

A

Lentivirus

Major importance

Potential serious risk to UK goat population

Transmitted in colostrum or milk

62
Q

Clinical signs of CAE

A

arthritis (chronic hyperplastic polysynovitis); yearlings or adults, often after stress of first kidding. Commonly seen in carpal joints, but also hock, stifle, fetlock, neck, and hip

hard udder (indurative mastitis)

pneumonia (progressive interstitial pneumonia)

encephalitis (leucoencephalomyelitis) – rarely, if ever, reported in UK, usually 2 – 6 month old kids

progressive weight loss

63
Q

Scrapie/BSE in goats

A

Notifiable disease

Clinical signs similar to sheep- pruritic and nervous forms observed with considerable overlap

No resistant genotypes like in sheep

Can be infected with BSE by intracerebral or oral challenge

Atypical scrapie has also been identified in goats

64
Q

Pruritic ectoparasites in goats

A
  • Lice
  • Sarcoptic mange
  • Harvest mites, forage mites, cheyletiella
  • Psoroptic mange
65
Q

Non-pruritic ectoparasites in goats

A
  • Chorioptic mange
  • Demodectic mange
  • Pustular dermatitis
  • Ringworm
66
Q

Lice in goats

A

Two types:
- large ‘blue’ or sucking lice (Linognathus stenopsis)
- small ‘red-brown’ biting lice (Bovicola caprae, limbata, and crassiceps)

Shear and shampoo

67
Q

Chorioptic mange in goats

A

Very common

Check legs during routine foot trimming

Exudative dermatitis and skin lesions are associated with a hypersensitivity reaction. White/brown scabby lesions

Treatment frustration

68
Q

Sarcoptic mange

A

Relatively common

Transmitted by direct contact, and indirect

Lesions start around eyes and ears

Erythema and small nodules, progressing to hair loss, skin wrinkling and thickening

Lose condition and milk yield falls

69
Q

Demodectic menage in goats

A

Relatively common

Show clinical disease following infection as a kid

Usually individual problem not herd problem

Small nodules in skin, yellow caseous material

70
Q

Psoroptic mange in goats

A

Psoroptes cuniculi parasites in the ear

Usually no signs, sometimes head shaking/scratching

Scaly lesions on inside of pinnae

71
Q

Ringworm in goats

A

Uncommon

Lesions are initially circular, crusty and raised, later irregular in shape, often occurring on the head, ears and neck

The course of the disease is 4 to 5 weeks in animals with competent immune systems

72
Q

Staphylococcal dermatitis (pustular dermatitis)

A

Staphylococcus aureus infection

Very common

Pustules especially on udder, teats, and groin

Easily broken and spread

Common secondary invader to other skin lesions

73
Q

Respiratory disease in goats

A

Rarely a problem in small herds

Many infectious causes are multifactorial

Mycoplasma increasingly important in respiratory disease

Most disease caused by Mannheimia strains A1, A2, & A6

Often follows a stressful incident

Young goats more commonly affected

74
Q

Tuberculosis in goats

A

Rare and notifiable

Generally Mycobacterium bovis

May have extensive lesions without obvious clinical signs

Chronic weight loss +/- diarrhoea

Chronic cough due to bronchopneumonia

75
Q

Diarrhoea in kids

A

Dietary scour
- insufficient colostrum
- artificially reared kids on a milk substitute

Infectious scour
- birth to 3 weeks: E. coli, crypto, salmonella
- 4-12 weeks: Coccidiosis, GI parasites

76
Q

Coccidiosis in goats

A

Improved hygiene is the cornerstone of coccidiosis control

All goats infected

Avoid overcrowding

Provide clean dry bedding

Treat with Diclurazil, potentiated sulphonamides, or Decoquinate

77
Q

Periparturient toxaemia in goats

A

Insufficient intake of energy

Before kidding (last 4-6 weeks of pregnancy (pregnancy toxaemia)
After kidding (2-4 weeks post partum) mild ketonaemia in early lactation

Treatment: termination of pregnancy if pregnancy toxaemia, calcium

78
Q

Mastitis in goats

A

Comparative rarity in goats

Most common in haemolytic coagulase positive staphylococci, occasionally involved in severe gangrenous mastitis

High level of sub-clinically infected glands

Somatic cell counts useful as herd test

Goat produces milk as apocrine secretion

79
Q

Urolithiasis in goats

A

Any straining male goat should be assumed to have a blocked urethra until proved otherwise. Urolithiasis is common, constipation rare

Tube cystotomy is the treatment of choice for relief of obstructive urolithiasis in valuable animals and in animals where a ruptured bladder is suspected

Insertion of an indwelling Foley catheter into the urinary bladder temporarily relieves the obstruction, providing immediate relief to the animal, by diverting urine flow from the blocked urethra

80
Q

Disbudding in goats

A

Commonest surgical procedure

Must be careful not to overdose with xylazine

Can suffer disbudding meningoencephalitis

Use short acting anaesthetic (halothane, isoflurane, propofol, alfaxalone), gaseous by mask is best for the kid

Short time away from mother and short time in the surgery

Clip hair around

Very hot disbudding iron, short time of application, large enough diameter

Kids no more than 7 days of age (should be 2-4 days)

Scrape out burnt area with scalpel

81
Q

Descenting of kids

A

Burning a semi-circular area caudomedially behind the horn buds will also remove the scent glands from the area, reducing to some extent the buck odour

82
Q

Castration in goats

A

1st week of life
- Rubber ring or burdizzo
- by anyone
- no anaesthesia required

<2 months
- surgical
- by anyone
- no anaesthesia required

> 2months
- surgical
- vet surgeon
- anaesthesia required

83
Q

Weights of adult dairy goats

A

Doe: 55-105kg
Buck 75-120kg

84
Q

Weights of adult angora goats

A

Doe: 35-55kg
Buck: 50-70kg

Small ruminants II (3 decks)

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