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Psyc 345 > The Self > Flashcards

The Self Flashcards

1
Q

Who was “The Great Imposter?”

A

Fred Demara-very good at adapting himself around others (ex: became a Dean, law student, surgeon). Was actually a high school dropout- but was really nice so the people he duped wanted him back (6 months of jail time)

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2
Q

What was the movie “catch me if you can” based off of?

A

A man who became an airline pilot with no training. After he went to jail, he was hired by the FBI to look for frauds.

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3
Q

What is necessary for understanding our inner self?

A

Self-reflection

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4
Q

What is the self also influenced by? (other than self reflection)

A

Social factors (public, outer self)

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5
Q

What are some other species that have a sense of self?

A

Chimps, orangutans, dolphins, elephants.

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6
Q

How do we test for a sense of self?

A

Put a mark on the forehead of an animal or child. See how they react (reach towards the dot etc)

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7
Q

At what age can people recognize themselves?

A

From 15-24 months

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8
Q

What is the most basic level of self recognition?

A

“Am I a thing?”

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9
Q

How would a child’s sense of self differ from an adults?

A

Self is more concrete as a child-describes self in terms of clear-cut, easily observable characteristics. (age, gender etc)

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10
Q

How does our sense of self change as we mature?

A

We place less emphasis on physical characteristics and more on psychological states (our thoughts, feelings, and how others judge us).

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11
Q

What are the ABC’s of self?

A

Affect, behaviour, and cognition

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12
Q

What is affect (ABC’s of self)

A

How we evaluate ourselves, enhance self images, defend self esteem

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13
Q

What is behaviour (ABC’s of self)

A

How we regulate our actions and present ourselves according to interpersonal demands

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14
Q

What is cognition (ABC’s of self)

A

How do we come to know ourselves, develop a self-concept, and maintain a sense of identity.

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15
Q

What is the basis for the Cocktail Party Effect?

A

That the self is an important object our attention, we pay attention to things of interest to us and things that may harm us.

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16
Q

What is the self-concept?

A

Sum of total beliefs that people have about themselves-made up of self schemas.

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17
Q

How do we develop our self-concept?

A

Self recognition as a first step, then move onto social factors.

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18
Q

What is the looking-glass self?

A

The idea that we can get lots of information about ourselves based on our family and friends.

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19
Q

What are schemas?

A

Mental representations of objects or categories of objects. Aids in the categorization of events and predictability of events. Encompass knowledge about many things.

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20
Q

What are self-schemas?

A

Mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves that influence what the notice, think about, and remember about themselves.

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21
Q

What is introspection?

A

Method to understand one’s own thoughts and feelings. Self-knowledge through looking inward at one’s own thoughts and feelings.

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22
Q

What is affective forecasting (hindrance to introspection idea)

A

We have difficult predicting responses to future emotional events. We tend to overestimate the strength and duration of our emotional reactions

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23
Q

What is another reason (aside from affective forecasting) that we tend to overestimate our own emotional reactions?

A

We do not fully appreciate our psychological coping mechanisms. We focus only on the emotional impact of a single event, overlooking the effects of other life experiences.

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24
Q

What is Daryl Bem’s Self-perception theory?

A

When internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain insight by observing their own behaviour-only in the absence of compelling situational pressures.

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25
Q

What is self-other knowledge asymmetry? (SOKA)

A

We know ourselves better than others for “internal” traits (ex: optimism, anxiousnes). No “self-other” difference for traits that are external and easy to observe.

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26
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Changes in facial expression can lead to changes in subjective experience of emotion

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27
Q

How does smiling make us feel happier?

A

Two thoughts: Either we associate smiling with happiness and therefor feel more happy because of that, or smiling alters blood flow to the brain and changes the temperature which makes you happier

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28
Q

What is intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic: Originates in factors within a person
Extrinsic: Originates in factors outside a person

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29
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

If a reward is no longer available (extrinsic), intrinsic motivation goes down. If you pay someone to do something they already enjoy, intrinsic motivation also goes down

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30
Q

What is an example of the overjustification effect?

A

Kids colouring- already enjoyed it with no reward, and enjoyed it even more if given an unexpected reward. However, if reward was expected, and it was not given, they enjoyed it less.

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31
Q

What is another example of the overjustification effect in the professional world?

A

White and Sheldon studied 230 NBA and MLB players over a 10 year period-performed well during their contract year, but experienced a dip in performance afterwards. “Contract year Syndrome”- perofrmance dips when extrinsic reward decreases internal motivation.

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32
Q

How do others influence how we describe our sense of self?

A

We tend to describe ourselves in way s tat set us apart from others in our immediate vicinity.

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33
Q

What did Festinger discover about our comparisons with others?

A

When we are uncertain about our abilities or opinions, we evaluate ourselves through comparisons with similar others.

34
Q

When do we compare ourselves and to whom do we compare ourselves?

A

When- When we are unsure how to act in a social situation, we look to others (when objective ways to measure ourselves are not available)
Whom- To similar others. If not available, focus on the less fortunate

35
Q

What is social comparison theory?

A

We compare ourselves to others in either an upwards or downward way

36
Q

What are some components of a social media addiction?

A

Mood modification, salience, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse.

37
Q

What are the results from Kiraly et als study on adolescent social media use?

A

N=5961. Measured weekly social media use. Results: 23.16 hours per week, females use more than males, found that most were non-risk users.

38
Q

What are the 2 types of comparison we can make?

A

Upward: Makes us feel worse about ourselves. Downward: Makes us feel better

39
Q

What was found about people who passively scroll through social media?

A

Worse self-esteem

40
Q

What did Stanley Schacter discover about our emotions?

A

Misery loves only miserable company. People who are about to get shocked in an experiment only want to spend time with people who are also getting shocked.

41
Q

What was Schacter and Singers study on the 2 factor theory?

A

Male volunteers were told they’d get Suproxin to test eyesight. They were actually injected with epinephrine. One group was told of the drugs efects, and one was misinformed (told unlikely side effects). A confederate came in who acted super euphoric.

42
Q

What were the results of Schacter and Singers study?

A

The informed group did not report the same euphoria because they knew what the drug would do. The misinformed group reported euphoria. Were confused as to why they felt euphoria and looked to the confederate to see how to act

43
Q

What is the Two-factor theory? (Cognitive arousal)

A

1) Must experience psychological arousal. 2) Must make a cognitive interpretation that explains the source of arousal

44
Q

What are autobiographical memories essential for?

A

A coherent self concept. Typically, we remember more from the recent past.

45
Q

What are some exceptions to remembering more from the recent past with autobiographical memories?

A

Reminisecne peak, and the tendency to remember transitional firsts.

46
Q

What do flashbulb memories serve as?

A

Serve as prominent landmarks in our autobiographies.

47
Q

What is the mindset of Western Cultures?

A

Individualistic- define themselves in terms of internal thoughts, feelings, actions

48
Q

What are the traits of collectivist cultures?

A

Recognizes themselves in terms of thoughts, feelings, and actions of others. Value connectedness and interdependence.

49
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Affective component of the self, a person’s positive and negative evaluations. Is incredibly consistent.

50
Q

What did Leary and Baumeister theorize was our need for self-esteem?

A

People are inherently social animals, and the need for self esteem is driven by a primitive need to connect with others. Barometer for how well we’re doing socially.

51
Q

What is Terror Management Theory?

A

We construct worldviews regarding the creation and purpose of life to buffer against our anxiety of the inevitability of death. Reality of death motivates people to enhance their self-esteem.

52
Q

What are some of the pros of self-esteem?

A

We become happy, healthy, productive, and successful.

53
Q

What is one of the cons of self esteem?

A

Narcissism-exaggerated love of the self. Associated with “threatened egoism”

54
Q

What are the two pathways of high self-esteem?

A

Defensive- holding positive views that are fragile and vulnerable to threat
Secure-confidently holding positive views.

55
Q

Do the genders differ with self esteem?

A

Young adults and males generally outscore females on measures of self-esteem, but the difference is incredibly small, especially among older adults

56
Q

What is relational interdependence and which gender shows more?

A

Focuses on close relationships and how you feel about friends, family, partner. Women show this more

57
Q

What is collective interdependence and which gender shows more?

A

Focuses on memberships in larger groups (ex: Being canadian, sports fan etc). Men show this more.

58
Q

What is self-discrepancy?

A

A match/mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves. Examine a discrepancy between ones “actual self” and “self guides”. Can predict self esteem and emotional wellbeing

59
Q

What are some of the factors of self-esteem with regards to self-discrepancy?

A

Amount of discrepancy, importance of discrepancy, focus on self-discrepancies.

60
Q

What happens when we become more self-aware?

A

We are more likely to act congruently with how we view ourselves.

61
Q

How do we handle discomfort or discrepancies?

A

2 ways: either Shape up-behave in ways that reduce discrepancy OR ship out-withdraw from self awareness.

62
Q

What is private versus public self consciousness?

A

Private-tendency to introspect about inner thoughts and feelings
Public- Tendency to focus on outer public image.

63
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

Process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. Conflict between our needs and desires (internal) and a need for self control (external).

64
Q

What did Muraven and Baurmeister test with self-regulation?

A

Had participants watch an upsetting film. Told to either amplify or suppress their emotional responses. After, self control was measured by gripping a hand grip. The no suppression group had a steady handgrip, the suppression groups ability to grip decreased.

65
Q

What is the better-than-others effect?

A

People rate themselves more positively than others on many positive aspects-traits, ability to control events, optimism for future.

66
Q

What is implicit egoism?

A

Subtle and unconscious presentation of our self-esteem.

67
Q

How is implicit egoism demonstrated in a lab?

A

Reaction time tasks-people have a faster association of self words with positive traits. We are also shown to prefer the letters in our own names and our birthdates.

68
Q

Why do we prefer our own names and birthdates?

A

Exposure and classical conditioning.

69
Q

What is the idea behind self-serving beliefs?

A

People tend to take credit for success and distance themselves from failure. Link personal attributes to desirable outcomes.

70
Q

What is self-handicapping?

A

Behaviours designed to sabotage ones own performance as an excuse for failure.

71
Q

Why do we self-handicap?

A

Protects us from failure being a lack of ability

72
Q

What is sand-bagging?

A

Downplaying own ability, lowering expectations, or openly predicting failure.

73
Q

What are some strategies for self-handicapping?

A

taking drugs before a task, not practicing enough beforehand, not studying enough, choosing unattainable goals.

74
Q

What is one way we try to raise our self esteem?

A

By basking in the reflected glory of successful others

75
Q

What is CORF?

A

Cutting off reflected failure by distancing ourselves from others who fail.

76
Q

What is self-presentation?

A

Process by which we try to shape what others think of us and what we think of ourselves.

77
Q

What are the 2 types of self presentation?

A

Strategic-Efforts to shape others impressions in specific ways to gain power, rewards etc.
2 goals: Ingratiation-desire to be liked and get along with others, and Self promotion: desire to get ahead and gain recognition for ones competence
Self verification-desire to have others view us the same way we view ourselves.

78
Q

Do we self verify negative aspects?

A

YES. Self verification sometimes outweights self enhancement. Also, people with a negative self concept will choose a partner who treats them negatively.

79
Q

What is self-monitoring?

A

The tendency to regulate ones own behaviour to meet the demands of the situation.

80
Q

What is the difference between high and low self-monitors?

A

High- Present themselves differently depending on the situation-can be seen as unauthentic
Low- Don’t present themselves differently-want perception and reality to be similar.-can be seen as stubborn.

Psyc 345 (6 decks)

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