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Psyc 345 > Stereotypes > Flashcards

Stereotypes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

Belief that members of a group share certain attributions

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2
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Negative feelings towards members of a group. Includes overgeneralization, and affects everyone. Usually from a majority group to a minority

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3
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Negative, harmful behaviours towards members of a group ex: Racism, sexism

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4
Q

What is modern racism?

A

Racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it’s safe and socially accepted-less overt in nature.

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5
Q

What is implicit racism?

A

Racism that operates unconsciously.

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6
Q

What did Viglione et al find with black women in prisons?

A

12000 are in prison. Looked at pairs of women found guilty for the same crimes-lighter skined black women had 12% less prison time.

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7
Q

What did Baron and Banaj find about implicit racism in children?

A

6 year old children showed a strong preference to white children over black.
This reduced by age 10, gone in adulthood, however the implicit racism remained.

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8
Q

What does it mean that gender stereotypes are descriptive and prescriptive?

A

Descriptive-tell you how you should be

Prescriptive- tell you what you should do

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9
Q

What are some contrasting ideas on success in men and women?

A

Men-when successful, attribute to ability

Women-when successful, attribute to hard working.

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10
Q

Are young girls known to downplay or up play their ability?

A

Downplay

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11
Q

What did Jacob and Eccles discover with mothers and daughters in regard to perceived math abilities?

A

Mothers with gender stereotypes-believed girls are worse at math
No gender stereotypes-don’t see a difference

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of ambivalent sexism?

A

Hostile and benevolent

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13
Q

What is benevolent sexism?

A

Affectionate towards women, but still hold potentially negative beliefs

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14
Q

What is hostile sexism?

A

Negative, and resentful feelings towards women

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15
Q

What did Madera et al discover about female versus male reeference letters?

A

Female and male recommenders used more “doubt raisers” for women.

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16
Q

What is a stigma?

A

Being stereotypes and perceived as deviant and being devalued in society.

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17
Q

What is the stereotype threat?

A

Fear that we will be reduced to just a stereotype-reaction to this threat can interfere with performance and cause the self-fulfilling prophecy (internalization)

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18
Q

How can the stereotype threat interfere with performance and cause the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

1) Increased stress can cause us to focus more on emotions rather than the task
2) Self-monitoring: worrying about mistakes disrupts attention
3) Suppression of unwanted thoughts takes mental energy

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19
Q

What are some of the causes of the stereotype threat?

A

Authoritarianism, categorization and groups, ingroup versus outgroup bias

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20
Q

What is authoritarianism?

A

Personality type characterized by prejudice towards any group perceived to be different than oneself. Low openness, low conscientiousness.

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21
Q

What is categorization and groups and what can it lead to?

A

Classification of persons into groups on the basis of attributes-natural and adaptive saves time and energy. BUT leads to an overestimation of differences between groups and underestimation of differences within.

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22
Q

What can ingroup and outgroup bias cause people to do?

A

We tend to like people we have identified as being part of our ingroup more than others. Exaggerate differences within outgroup and belief that the outgroup is all the same

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23
Q

What contributes to the ingroup bias?

A

Self-esteem- we seek to enhance self esteem through having a group, only works if we see group as being superior to others.

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24
Q

What is the minimal group paradigm?

A

When complete strangers are formed into groups using trivial criteria-results in liking of their own group more, rating them as having better personalities, providing more rewards when possible

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25
Q

What is outgroup homogeneity?

A

Often do not notice subtle differences among outgroups because we have little personal contact with them

26
Q

How did Van Bavel et al demonstrate outgroup homogeneity?

A

Participants saw photos of an unfamiliar black or white face. Greater activity in fusiform gyrus (face area) for ingroup. Greater activation means stronger self-reported preferences.

27
Q

What is dehumanizing the outgroup?

A

Perceivers may actually process faces of outgroup as objects rather than people.

28
Q

How was WW2 caused by dehumanizing the outgroup?

A

Increased social pressure that resulted in dehumanization-factors such as difficult life conditions, respect for authority, gradual escalation of aggression, passive bystanders

29
Q

What is social dominance orientation?

A

Desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over others-willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over others.

30
Q

What is system justification theory?

A

Processes that may endorse and legitimize existing social arrangements.

31
Q

Why does system justification theory happen?

A

Because we like to have positive attitudes about the institutions we value and will defend them even if their actions are immoral. We do this because it reduces uncertainty, gives a sense of safety, and fosters a sense of belonging.

32
Q

What is the stereotype content model?

A

Relative status and competition between 2 groups (an example is the Robbers Cave Experiment)

33
Q

What is the realistic conflict theory?

A

Conflict arises when resources are scarce-amount of conflict determines between-group prejudice

34
Q

How did the Robbers Cave Experiment fix the relationship of the two groups?

A

By having them work together on tasks.

35
Q

What are the two components of the social identity theory?

A

1) Personal identity
2) Social identities according to groups we choose to affiliate with
Creates ingroup and outgroup bias

36
Q

How does self-esteem tie into social identity theory?

A

The heart of social identity theory. Attacks on group equate to an attack on the self-increased self-esteem with group or personal achievement

37
Q

What are the 2 predictions made by self-esteem in the social identity theory?

A

1) Threats to one’s self-esteem heighten the need for ingroup favouritism
2) Expressions of ingroup favouritism enhance self-esteem

38
Q

What is Shadenfreude?

A

Experiencing pleasure at the misfortune of others- stronger group identity means less empathy to others.q

39
Q

How did Fein and Spencer demonstrate self-esteem?

A

Participants either received negative or positive feedback and then were asked to evaluate a female job applicant (either Jewish or not). Results: 1) Lowered self-esteem caused people to evaluate jewish woman more negatively. 2) Lowered self esteem+ the opportunity to belittle= increased self-esteem

40
Q

How do collectivist societies show ingroup and outgroup bias?

A

Are less likely to favour the ingroup to boost self-esteem. Can see both the good and the bad in their group. BUT may have less trust in outgroups. (Reverse in North America)

41
Q

What is socialization?

A

Process by which people learn norms, rules, and information of a culture/group .Learn how valued and devalued certain groups are and what prejudices are acceptable

42
Q

When do we start to understand gender stereotypes?

A

Aged 2

43
Q

What does Gerianne Alexander argue when it comes to gender and toy preferences?

A

Toy preferences are based on gender and inborn factors-argues that there are evolutionary contributors to toy preferences.

44
Q

What is social role theory?

A

Idea that real sex differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles by men and women

45
Q

What is the 3 step process of social role theory?

A

1) Combination of biological and social factors=emergence of the division of labour
2) people behave in ways that fit the role they play
3) Behavioural differences provide the continual basis for social perception

46
Q

How does the media affect gender stereotyping?

A

Exposure to images that perpetuate stereotypes and discrimination-can influence both mens and womens attitudes. BUT it can also promote positive norms

47
Q

How do we use the confirmation bias in stereotyping?

A

By attending to information that confirms our beliefs

48
Q

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

Occur when expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm expectations (ex: teachers expectations can influence marks)

49
Q

What are some of the ways that stereotypes survive?

A

Illusory correlations, Subtyping, Subliminal presentation

50
Q

What are illusory correlations?

A

The tendency for people to overestimate a link between variables that are only slightly correlated or not at all. Tend to do this more when variables are distinctive or expected to go together

51
Q

Whate is subtyping?

A

When exceptions to the stereotype are placed in a separate category (ex: woman who is strong-placed in separate category from all other women)

52
Q

What is subliminal presentation?

A

When stimuli is presented so rapidly people are not aware of exposure (can show automatic stereotyping)

53
Q

What is the Shooter Bias?

A

Study: quick presentation of images of people with guns and without. People were more likely to shoot the black guy without a gun

54
Q

What is Allports Contact Hypothesis?

A

Under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice

55
Q

What are the 4 conditions of Allports Hypothesis?

A

1) Equal status-contact gives 2 groups equal status
2) Personal Interaction
3) Cooperative activities
4) Institutional support-group leaders or other authority figures support contact between groups

56
Q

What is the Ingroup Identity model (2 parts)?

A

Decategorization-pay less attention to categories and boundaries
Recategorization- change conception of group for more inclusive sense of own ingroup

57
Q

How did Riek et al demonstrate the ingroup identity model?

A

Republican versus Demoncrat-framed question as being about Americans and found more positive reactions from both sides for the other side

58
Q

How can trust help with the stereotype threat?

A

Having trust and safety in a situation reduces the stereotype threat

59
Q

How did Dasgupta et al demonstrate trust in the stereotype threat?

A

Had female engineers and assigned them to work in one of 3 groups: 1) All female. 2) All male. 3) Mixed. Found enhanced performance in the all female group

60
Q

How does self-control play into the stereotype threat?

A

People stereotype and show prejudice even when they would rather not. Ability to cognitively control takes mental effort (age, intoxication, exhaustion can increase effort for cognitive control).

61
Q

What is external motivation?

A

When one doesn’t want to appear prejudiced in front of others.

62
Q

What is internal motivation?

A

When one doesn’t want to BE prejudiced-this one is more successful as guilt plays a role and there is enhanced trigger recognition.

Psyc 345 (6 decks)

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