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Criminal Justice > The Search For Understanding > Flashcards

The Search For Understanding Flashcards

1
Q

criminology

A

the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon

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2
Q

theory

A

a statement regarding the relationship between two or more variables

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3
Q

nonscientific theories

A

Theories emerging moral weakness and evil spirits as the cuase of criminality

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4
Q

Classical School

A

The school of thought that individuals have free will to choose whether or not to sommit crimes

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5
Q

Positivist School (positivism)

A

One of three major schools of criminology

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6
Q

determinsim

A

the perception that individuals have no free will to choose their behavior

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7
Q

biological determisim

A

A belief that crime is caused by a biolocical or biochemical influence over which the

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8
Q

psycholigical theory

A

the idea that criminal behavior is a result of emotions, drives and mental defects

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9
Q

sociogical determinsim

A

Crime is caused by socioeconomic condditions and social interactions and values

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10
Q

neoclassical theories

A

A contemporary view of classical school theory that believes there are mitgrating circumstances for criminal acts such as the age of mental capacity of the offender and the

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11
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

The founder of classical school theories

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12
Q

pain-pleasure principle

A

A phisophical axiom that people are rational and that people seek to do that which brings them pleasue and to avoid that which cuases them pain

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13
Q

neoclassical school of criminology

A

a school of thought that is similar to classical school theories, except for the beliefs that there are migating circumstances fo ciminal acts, such as the age or mental capacity of the offender, and that punishment should fit the crime

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14
Q

felicitic calculus

A

The balacing of pain and pleasure as a means to discourage criminal behavior

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15
Q

utiltariansism

A

A philosophy believing a rational system of jurisprudence provides for the greatest happieness for the greatest number of people

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16
Q

scientific method

A

The assumption that repeating testing of a hypothesiss should result in similar results

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17
Q

Positive School

A

Modern theories of cime, primarily based on sociology and psychology, that people commit crimes because of uncontrabllable internal or external factors which can be observed and measured

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18
Q

determisnist

A

Causes of criminal behavior are not controlled by free will choice, but rather influenced by factors that are beyond the control of the individual

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19
Q

Richard Dugdale

A

Engaged in esearch attempting to link herdity to criminal behavior in his study of the Jukes

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20
Q

Henry Goddard

A

He studied the Martin Kalikak’s family tree attempting to link heredity to criminality

21
Q

Ada Jukes

A

Labled by Richard Dugdale as the mother of ciminals

22
Q

What do Chicago School criminologists believe to be the underlSocial disorganization theoy?

A

Park and Burgees research that criminal behavior is dependent on disruptive social foces not on individual characteristics

23
Q

Social disorganization theory

A

Park and burgees research that criminal behavio is dependent on disuptive social forces, not on individual characteristics

24
Q

anomie

A

A feelign of nomlessness and lack of belonging that people feel when they become socially isolated

25
Q

cultural deviance theories

A

The idea that for the most part the values of subcultural groups within the society are moe influential upon individual behavior and interactions than laws

26
Q

Female Gential Multilation (FGM)

A

Cultural practice of removing external gentialia of young girls or women fo nonmedical purpose

27
Q

reaction formation

A

Describes how lower class youths reject middle-class values

28
Q

social control theory

A

The focus on the social and cultural values that excert control over and reivorce the behavior of indivuals

29
Q

neutralization theory

A

the concept that most people commit some type of criminal act in their lives and that many people and prevented from doing

30
Q

social bond

A

Describes four elements that prevent deliquency attachment, commitment, involvement and belief

31
Q

labeling theory

A

Explains deviant behavior, especially juvenile deliquency, by examining socity’s reactions to behaviors that are labled as deviant

32
Q

conflict theories

A

The ideas that the most politcally and socially powerful individuals and organizations use the legal system to exploidt less powerful indiduals and to retain their power and privleges

33
Q

feminist criminology

A

The proposal that female crimal behavior is caused by the politcal economic, and social inequality between men and women

34
Q

radical criminologicsts

A

Those who advocate conflict theories and class and power inequality as the causes of crime

35
Q

instituinonal discrimination

A

The unjust and discriminationory

36
Q

social bond

A

describes four elements that prevent deliquency attachment commitment involment and belief

37
Q

labeling theory

A

Explains deviant behavior, especially juvenile deliquency by examining socity’s reactions to behaviros that are labled as deviant

38
Q

conflict theories

A

The idea that the most politically and sociallu poweful individuals and organizations use the legal system to exploit less powerful individuals and to etain thei powerful and privleges

39
Q

feminist criminology

A

the proposal that female criminal behavior is cause dby the political econoic and social inequality between men and women

40
Q

radical criminologists

A

Those who advocate conflict theories andclass and power inequality as the couses

41
Q

instituional discriminaltion

A

The unjust and discriminatory mistretment of individuals as they are engaged in plice, court and correntional based institutions

42
Q

ethical standards of behavior

A

Legal sanctions that prohibit experimentation that may harm subjects and regulates the degree of deception of subjects researchers may use in expierement

43
Q

casual variables

A

Variables that directly influence the outcome of relationships

44
Q

correlation

A

When two variables are associated with each other in that when one increases the other increases or decreases in a predictable pattern

45
Q

victimology

A

The study of vitims and the patterns of how they are victimized

46
Q

victim-preiptiation theories

A

Theories based on the concept that victims themselves precipitation theories, contribute to, provoke, or actuallycause the outcome of their vitimization

47
Q

Routines activities theory

A

A theory that assumes that all humans are motivated by the desire to have things that give them pleasue or benefit motivated by the desire to have things that give them pleasure or benefit them and to avoid those things and situations that inflict pain

48
Q

predatory crime

A

Acts involving direct physical contact between at least one offender and at least one person or object, which that offender attempts to take or damage

Criminal Justice (4 decks)

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