Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

sTUDYING > The scientific attitude, statistics, cognitive biases Unit 0-2 > Flashcards

The scientific attitude, statistics, cognitive biases Unit 0-2 Flashcards

know all of them

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a scientific attitude?

A

Be skeptical, not cynical
be curious, not gullible
What matters is not our opinions but the truths revealed by questioning and testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Curiosity

A

Asking questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skepticism

A

Sifting reality from fantasy and demanding evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Humility

A

accepting incorrect predictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Thinking that examines assumptions, appraises the sources, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we knew that it would happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Overconfidence

A

When we think we know more than we do, driving us to be quick rather than correct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Seeing only what we want to see/ searching ONLY for information that proves the hypothesis correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Perceiving order in random events

A

In random data, we will look for patterns even when they don’t exist because making sense of our world relieves stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The scientific method

A

self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peer reviewers

A

Scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Theories

A

An explanation that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis is… a specific, testable prediction derived from a theory.

Hypotheses are crucial because they allow psychologists to conduct research that either supports or challenges a theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Falsifiability

A

A falsifiable hypothesis can be disproven through evidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Operational definitions

A

Clear definitions of how things will be measured in an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Replication

A

The process of repeating a study to see if the same results can be obtained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Experiment

A

a method where researchers manipulate one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable, helping to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter (the thing you are testing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Variable

A

The variable that is measured to see how it is affected by changes in the IV (the thing you are measuring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Non-experimental methods

A

collected through observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Case study

A

A case study involves an in-depth investigation of a single individual or group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing subjects in their natural environment without intervention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why are case studies critical?

A

Why it’s important: It provides detailed insights but may not be generalizable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Advantages of Naturalistic Observation

A

Reduces the likelihood of participants altering their behavior due to being studied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation

A

Lack of control over variables can make it hard to establish causation.

Observer bias

27
Q

BIG DATA

A

By examining habits through big data, we can learn about vast numbers of people without disclosing anyone’s identity.

28
Q

Surveys

A

gathering data through questionnaires

29
Q

Correlation

A

A statistical relationship between two variables. When two things are correlated, changes in one variable are associated with changes in another.

30
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

used to analyze the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

31
Q

sample

A

smaller group chosen from a larger population to represent the whole group.

32
Q

Representative sample

A

provides an accurate picture of the larger population

33
Q

sampling bias

A

Flawed process that leads to a sample that is not representative of the population

34
Q

Convenience sampling

A

only selecting readily available participants

35
Q

What will a representative sample look like?

A

A miniture population

36
Q

What do psychologists use to avoid bias?

A

Random Sampling

37
Q

Social-desirability bias

A

Responding in ways that feel more acceptable by society or what they assume the researcher may want

38
Q

Self-report bias

A

When people report their behavior inaccurately, either because they forget or want to create an image for themselves

39
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

40
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn.

41
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

Experimenter bias happens when researchers’ expectations influence the outcome of a study.

42
Q

Positive Correlation

A

A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other also increases. For example, as hours of study increase, grades tend to increase.

43
Q

Negative Correlation

A

A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other decreases. For example, as the number of hours spent watching TV increases, grades tend to decrease.

44
Q

What does negative correlation mean

A

Negative means two things move in opposite directions

45
Q

What does positive correlation mean

A

Positive means both things move in the same direction

46
Q

Scatter plot

A

Graphical representation of the relationship between two variables.

Each point on the scatterplot represents an observation.

The pattern of the points reveals the type and strength of the correlation.

47
Q

Correlation Coeffcient

A

numerical value that represents the strength and direction of a correlation. It ranges from -1 to +1.

48
Q

What does a value close to +1 indicate?

A

indicates a strong positive correlation

49
Q

What does a value close to -1 indicate?

A

indicates a strong negative correlation

50
Q

What does a value around 0 indicate?

A

indicates no correlation

51
Q

What is correlation always denoted as

A

r=

52
Q

Range of correlation coefficient?

A

It ranges from -1 to +1.

53
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Occurs when people perceive a relationship between two variables even when none exists. For example, believing that a full moon causes strange behavior.

54
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

This is the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward the average.

ex: if a student scores exceptionally high on one test, their next score is likely to be closer to their average performance.

55
Q

Confounding variable

A

External factor that could influence the results of an experiment, making it difficult to establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship.

56
Q

Experimental group

A

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation.

57
Q

Control group

A

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment allows researchers to compare results and draw conclusions about the treatment’s effect.

58
Q

Random Assignment

A

Participants are randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group to ensure that each group is similar before the treatment.

59
Q

What is the importance of random assignment?

A

Minimizes preexisting differences between the groups, ensuring that any observed effects are due to the manipulation of the IV rather than other factors.

60
Q

Placebo

A

A harmless, inactive substance or treatment is given to the control group to compare its effects with the actual treatment.

Ex: sugar pill in a drug trial

61
Q

Placebo effect

A

when a person has a response to a fake treatment

62
Q

Single-Blind Procedure

A

Participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group.

63
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Neither participants nor researchers know who is in the experimental or control group.

64
Q

Validity

A

if it measures what it claims to measure

sTUDYING (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions