The Science of Nutrition: Systems and Cells Flashcards
1
Q
Ecosystems
A
A dynamic, interactive, interconnected network of living things and the physical environment
2
Q
Homeostasis
A
The state of balanced function in the body
3
Q
Organ system
A
A group of organs coordinated around a specific function
4
Q
Ligaments
A
Connective tissue attaching bones to bones
5
Q
skeletal muscles
A
muscles that move bones
6
Q
Tendons
A
Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones
7
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
heart muscle
8
Q
Organisms
A
a self contained living system, that can reproduce, replace and repair themselves, and is able to maintain their own homeostasis
9
Q
Complex organisms are made up of organ systems. What are the 12 organ systems of the body
A
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- muscular system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Circulatory system
- immune system
- lymphatic system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
10
Q
Integumentary system
A
Protects the body from outsied damage and infection, from fluid loss and controls body temperature.
Includes: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures.
surface area of approx. 1.8 square meters
11
Q
Skeletal system
A
This system, which includes our bones, ligaments, cartilage, and other structures, gives the body a rigid scaffold so that it can move and hold itself up. It also protects other tissues, produces blood cells, and stores minerals (like calcium, potassium) and some fat
12
Q
Muscular system
A
Enables us to move and keeps us warm
Includes skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles.
13
Q
Nervous system:
A
Recieves input from the environment, synthesizes the information and sends out electrochemical signals that trigger thoughts, emotions, and pruposeful movement as well as involuntary activity.
Includes: CNS -Brain and spinal cord, PNS - motor and sensory nerves throughout the body.
14
Q
Systems
A
Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism Ecosystem
15
Q
Endocrine system
A
A system that used hormones to communicate.
Includes: hypthalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kdineys, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, and more
16
Q
Circulatory system:
A
This system distributes water, electrolytes, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes and collects carbon dioxide and other by products throughout th ebody. It helps to hydrate and regulate temperature and PH.
Includes: Heart, blood, blood vessels
17
Q
Immune system:
A
This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders.
includes: our thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs and special white blood cells (Leukocytes.)
18
Q
Lymphatic system:
A
Drains tissue fluid (lymph) and brings ti back to the heart. It slows down the spread of infection and even some concers, and it also transports absorbed fats from the intestine
includes: lymph, lymph vessels and lymph nodes
19
Q
Respiratory system:
A
Brings oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide, and helps regulate pH in the body.
includes: nasal cavity, trachea, lungs
20
Q
Digestive System:
A
Breaks down and absorbs nutrients
includes: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bile duct, anus
21
Q
Urinary System:
A
produces, stores and eliminates excess water, salts and waste products and helps control pH
includes: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
22
Q
Reproductive system:
A
controls reproduction as well as sexual development
includes: sex organs and glands
23
Q
Smooth muscle
A
Muslces of the arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, uterus, and more
24
Q
Electrochemical
A
chemical changes induced by electrical impulses
25
Organ
Self contained part of body that has a specific function
26
pH
A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, which dertermines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
27
Epithelial tissue
Thin tissue making up skin and lining of gastrointestinal, respratory, urinary and reproductive tracts
28
Endothelial tissue
Thin tissue that lines our cardiovascular system
29
Connective tissue
Tissue that makes up structures such as joints, tendons, ligaments and fascia
30
Fascia
A band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses and/or stabilizes other structures such as muscles
31
Muscle tissue
fibrous tissue that can contract and produce movement
32
Nervous tissue
Tissue that makes up our brain, nerves and associated structures
33
Adipose tissue
Fat tissue. Hormonally active (part of endocrine system) and stores energy.
34
Myofibers
muscle cells
35
Axons
the long stem like parts of nerve cells that conduct electricity
36
Neurons
nerve cells
37
solutes
substances dissolved in a solvent
38
Metabolism
The collection of cellular tasks and chemical reactions needed to sustain life
39
pathogens
Micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi that can cause disease
40
adipocyte
an adipose or fat cell
41
peristalsis
rythmic, wave like muscular movement in tubular structures, like organs of the digestive system
42
Tissues of the body
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Epithelial tissue
Endothelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Adipose tissue
```
43
What are tissues?
Tissues are made up of large groups of imilar cells that share common functions.
Organs consists out of two or more tissues
44
How many cells in the human body?
Over 30 trillion
45
Which cellular tasks is involved in metabolism
```
growth, maturation and death
gas exhange
nutritient absorption and and metabolism
fluid regulation and exhange of solutes
production of and getting rid of waist
reproduction
```
46
Osteocytes
bone cells
47
Myocytes
muscle cells
48
fibrocytes
connective tissue cells
49
enterocytes
intestinal cells
50
microvilli
brush shaped cells that line the small intestine.
51
goblet cells
columnar epithelial cells found in the gastrointesintal tract that secret mucin, a key component of mucus, which lubricate the intestinal lining.
52
Columnar cells
tall skiny cells, shaped like a column. Involved in absorbing material
53
cuboidal cells
shaped like a cube. Gives structure and stability
54
Squamous cells
flat shaped cells that apear where lining is sloughed off
55
stratified cells
Stacked cells
56
Mucin
key component of mucus
57
Organelles
membrane bound structures that have specific jobs that help maintain the cell
58
cytosol
A semi-fluid matrix within cells, where many of teh body's chemical reactions occur
59
mitochondria
a structure within a cell involved in secretion and intracellular transport. Mitochondria convert nutrients into energy, by breaking the chimical bonds in nutrients and converting the released energy into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
60
Golgi apparatus
A structure within a cell involved in secretion and intracellular transport
61
Endoplasmic reticulum
A network of tube like structures within a cell that is involved in protein and lid synthesis
62
Parts of a cell
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Nucleus
Plasma membrane
mitchondria
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
peroxisome
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63
Nucleus
an organelle that contains ost of the genetic material of a cell
64
lysosome
an organelle that contains enzymes that break down substances. It is the garbage collector and recycler of the cell, collecting and breaking down waste products.
Also protects the cell against invading pathogens.
Defects in lysosomes leads to a buildup of waste products and unwated molecules. that have been linked ot alzheimer's, parkinsons, and huntington's diseases.
They also play an important role in preventing cancer through apoptosis.
65
Peroxisome
an organelle that contains enzymes that help metabolize nutrients
66
bilayer
double layer of cell membrane
67
What does the plasma membrane consist out of?
a bilayer of phospholipids with a phosphate (hydrophillic) head and a fatty acid (hydrophobic) tail, with membranous organelles floating around in the bilayer like icebergs floating in the ocean.
68
What effect does the fats we eat have on the plasma layers of cells?
It can affect how fluid and flexible the membrane is.
| Too much saturatred fat and it become rigid. Too much polyunsaturated fats and it becomes too fluid.
69
What is the role of the glycoproteins that are attached to the plasma membranes?
enables cellular recognition by the immune system
70
How does the cell membrane controll what gets in or out of the cell?
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simple diffusion (osmosis)
channel proteins
carrier proteins
-passive transport
-actove transport
pump proteins
```
71
hydrophillic
water loving
72
hydrophobic
water fearing
73
saturated fat
a type of fat with no double bonds.
74
monounsaturated fat
a type of fat with one double bond
75
polyunsaturated fat
a type of fatty acid with more than one double bond, often liquid at room temperature.
76
Cellular signalling pathway / transduction
1. A specific substance bonds to a receptor on the cell membrane
2. the receptor activates a secnd messenger molecule inside the cell
3. the second messenger goes into the nuclues and trigger changes in gene expression.
77
Cellular signalling example: insulin
1. As blood glucose levels increase, insulin is released form our pancreas and travels through the blood stream.
2. insulin bind to specfic, insulin receptors on the membrane of certain cells (liver, muscle, fat)
3. the receptor signals to secondary messengers (proteins) inside the cell to get more glucose transporters to the membrane and accept glucose more readily, as well as several other cellular actions.
78
How does caffiene, theobromine and theophylline increase heart rate, blood pressure and stomach acid secretion?
by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down second messengers in cells.
79
channel protein
a pore-like protein in a cell membrane that allows molecules to flow in passively
80
carrier protein
a molecule that transports substances in and out of cells, either passively or actively
81
passive transport
moving substances across a cell membrane without using energy
82
active transport
moving substances across cell membrane into a region of higher concentration using energy
83
Cytosoplasm
cytosol, together with all the organelles, except the nucleus.
84
How does regular exercise and activity affect cellular makeup, metbolism and function?
Exercise creates a demand for more energy. the cells responds by making more cytosolic enzymes that break down carbohydrates along with storing more carbohydrates and fat for future use. The cell also gets better at breaking down these carbohydrates for energy. this is especially true in skeletal muscle cells.
Increased Aerobic exercise also increases mitochondral density. Since the mitochindria generate power for the cell, more mitochondria means more energy and more active cells.
Therefore exercise changes the way the body uses, metabolizes and stores nutrients, because of that, physically active bodies will respond differently than inactive bodies to the same nutrition plan.
85
How much of the bodies energy is produced by Mitochondria?
95%
86
Pump protein
A molecule that actively transport molecules in and out of cells using energy
87
Signal transduction
Transmitting information throught an organism, expecially across or through a cell
88
Signalling pathway
A sequence of chemical messaging among and within cells
89
Second messenger
A chemical signal within a cell that is activated by something else and is part of a signaling pathway
90
Receptor
a membrane structure that allows a cell to recognize substances and receive messages
91
gene expression
The process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product
92
pancreas
An organ that is part of the gastrointestinal tract and secretes insulin
93
glucose transporters
proteins that carry glucose across a cell membrane
94
What is the relationship between mitrocondria and ROS and why is mitrochondrial efficency important for our health?
When mitrochondria produce ATP, it consumes oxygen and also produces ROS (reactive oxygen species).
Mitochondral efficiency is the amount of ROS produced during ATP production. The more efficient , the more ATP is produced and the less ROS is produced, which means you feel great, you perform well, and you live longer, as ROS damages cells and DNA.
95
How does nutrient deficiency affect mitochondral function?
low levels of certain nutrients like co-enzyme 10 and L-carnitine can negatively effect energy production in mitochondria.
96
Which diseases are associated with low levels of co-enzyme q10 leading to low energy levels?
depression. fibromyalgia, Parkinson's
also statin drugs
97
Where is DNA housed?DN
Nucleus and Mitrochondria
98
What is the main function of DNA?
Contains and provides instructions for making proteins we need fo rour structure and function
99
Statin drugs
A class of drugs that inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and decrease low-density lipoproteins
100
Enzymes
substances that break down other substances, or stimulate chemical reactions.
Enzymatic reactions are highly specific. Reactions occur when a molecule connects to the enzymes "active sites". like a lock and key.
Specific enzymes break down specfic compounds or molecules, by breaking the chemial bonds.
lipase breaks down lipids
protease breaks down proteins
amaylase breaks down carbohydrates
101
How much of our DNA do we share with other people
99.9% There is a small variation between individual people
102
How much of our DNA do we share with chimpanzees?
95%
103
Chromosomes
A tightly compacted structure in the nucleus that carries our genetic information
104
DNA
A series of nucleic acids that contain our genetic code
105
GENE
a distinct segment of DNA that codes for a specfic functional protein
106
Evolutionary conserved genes
Genes that appear very early in our evolutionary history and have persisted
107
Everything in our bodies depends on the interaction between our genes and the environment. What kinds of things in the environment influences genetic expression?
```
Diet and Nutritional deficiencies
sunlight and vitamin D
toxins
bacteria and viruses
exercise
alchohol and other drugs
stress, trauma, and mood
circadian rhythms
and lots more
```
108
What are the implications of epigenetics?
That genetic expression is dependend on the environment, and because we have some control over the environment we can affect genetic expression to some degree (lifestyle andfood choices, exercise, meditation, etc)
109
Genetic polymorphism
small genetic differences
110
Antioxidant
A substance that decreases oxidation, particulary in cellular metabolism.
Antioxidants donates electrons to unstable ROS molecules therefore stabilizing them and making them unreactive.
111
circadian rhythm
a roughly 24 hour cycle of light and dark that organizes physiological processes
112
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A more extensive and specialized ER of muscled cells, needed to trigger muscle contration and relaxation
113
Ribosomes
Protein factories of the cell
114
Steroid hormone
A group of related hormones with a distinctive ring-shaped structure
115
RNA
Ribonucleic acid. A messenger that carries instructions from DNA to make proteins
116
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The ER is like a factory for Lipids and proteins
Rough ER: rough in appearance due to attached ribosomes. produces proteins
Smooth ER: is smooth due to the absence of ribosomes. produces lipids like steriods etc.
proteins from the reticulum are transported to th egolgi apparatus
117
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is like a shipping department
The golgi apparatus shapes and packages the proteins into a useable form. It also contains cisternae (small circular vesicles). The vesicles engulfs the protein molecules and transports them to the cell membranes, where they will either be sent into the body or become part of the membrane.
118
difference between lysosomes and peroxisomes
Both peroxisomes and lysosomes are morphologically similar and are filled with enzymes.
However, while lysosomes are primarily involved in digestion, peroxisomes are mainly involved in detoxification of substance produced within the cells like hydrogen peroxide
119
Where in the body does protein synthesis occur?
in the ribosomes attached to the RE and involves RNA
120
B-oxidation
The process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondrea to be used for energy
121
prostaglandin
a group of compounds with hormone like effects
122
What is the four main ways in which cells utilize nutrients
1. to proved ptential energy
2. raw material for body structures
3. co-factors
4. Hormones
123
What does the AMY 1 gene regulate?
The production of amylase
124
co-factor
a substance needed ofr enzymes to work in chemical reactions
125
hormone
a chical compound used to send messages and or cause effects in tissues
126
What increases mitochondrial efficiency?
Healthy food
Healthy environment
Exercise
127
What decreases mitochonrial efficiency
Stress
unhealthy food
Toxins
