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Nutrition > The Science of Nutrition: Systems and Cells > Flashcards

The Science of Nutrition: Systems and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystems

A

A dynamic, interactive, interconnected network of living things and the physical environment

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The state of balanced function in the body

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3
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs coordinated around a specific function

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4
Q

Ligaments

A

Connective tissue attaching bones to bones

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5
Q

skeletal muscles

A

muscles that move bones

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6
Q

Tendons

A

Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones

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7
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle

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8
Q

Organisms

A

a self contained living system, that can reproduce, replace and repair themselves, and is able to maintain their own homeostasis

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9
Q

Complex organisms are made up of organ systems. What are the 12 organ systems of the body

A
  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Circulatory system
  • immune system
  • lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system
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10
Q

Integumentary system

A

Protects the body from outsied damage and infection, from fluid loss and controls body temperature.

Includes: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and other external structures.

surface area of approx. 1.8 square meters

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11
Q

Skeletal system

A

This system, which includes our bones, ligaments, cartilage, and other structures, gives the body a rigid scaffold so that it can move and hold itself up. It also protects other tissues, produces blood cells, and stores minerals (like calcium, potassium) and some fat

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12
Q

Muscular system

A

Enables us to move and keeps us warm

Includes skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles.

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13
Q

Nervous system:

A

Recieves input from the environment, synthesizes the information and sends out electrochemical signals that trigger thoughts, emotions, and pruposeful movement as well as involuntary activity.

Includes: CNS -Brain and spinal cord, PNS - motor and sensory nerves throughout the body.

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14
Q

Systems

A 
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
Ecosystem
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15
Q

Endocrine system

A

A system that used hormones to communicate.

Includes: hypthalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kdineys, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, and more

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16
Q

Circulatory system:

A

This system distributes water, electrolytes, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes and collects carbon dioxide and other by products throughout th ebody. It helps to hydrate and regulate temperature and PH.

Includes: Heart, blood, blood vessels

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17
Q

Immune system:

A

This system protects against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders.

includes: our thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other similar organs and special white blood cells (Leukocytes.)

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18
Q

Lymphatic system:

A

Drains tissue fluid (lymph) and brings ti back to the heart. It slows down the spread of infection and even some concers, and it also transports absorbed fats from the intestine

includes: lymph, lymph vessels and lymph nodes

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19
Q

Respiratory system:

A

Brings oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide, and helps regulate pH in the body.

includes: nasal cavity, trachea, lungs

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20
Q

Digestive System:

A

Breaks down and absorbs nutrients

includes: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bile duct, anus

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21
Q

Urinary System:

A

produces, stores and eliminates excess water, salts and waste products and helps control pH

includes: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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22
Q

Reproductive system:

A

controls reproduction as well as sexual development

includes: sex organs and glands

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23
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Muslces of the arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, uterus, and more

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24
Q

Electrochemical

A

chemical changes induced by electrical impulses

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25
Q

Organ

A

Self contained part of body that has a specific function

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26
Q

pH

A

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, which dertermines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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27
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Thin tissue making up skin and lining of gastrointestinal, respratory, urinary and reproductive tracts

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28
Q

Endothelial tissue

A

Thin tissue that lines our cardiovascular system

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29
Q

Connective tissue

A

Tissue that makes up structures such as joints, tendons, ligaments and fascia

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30
Q

Fascia

A

A band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses and/or stabilizes other structures such as muscles

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31
Q

Muscle tissue

A

fibrous tissue that can contract and produce movement

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32
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Tissue that makes up our brain, nerves and associated structures

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33
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fat tissue. Hormonally active (part of endocrine system) and stores energy.

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34
Q

Myofibers

A

muscle cells

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35
Q

Axons

A

the long stem like parts of nerve cells that conduct electricity

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36
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells

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37
Q

solutes

A

substances dissolved in a solvent

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38
Q

Metabolism

A

The collection of cellular tasks and chemical reactions needed to sustain life

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39
Q

pathogens

A

Micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi that can cause disease

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40
Q

adipocyte

A

an adipose or fat cell

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41
Q

peristalsis

A

rythmic, wave like muscular movement in tubular structures, like organs of the digestive system

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42
Q

Tissues of the body

A 
Epithelial tissue
Endothelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Adipose tissue
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43
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are made up of large groups of imilar cells that share common functions.

Organs consists out of two or more tissues

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44
Q

How many cells in the human body?

A

Over 30 trillion

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45
Q

Which cellular tasks is involved in metabolism

A 
growth, maturation and death
gas exhange
nutritient absorption and and metabolism
fluid regulation and exhange of solutes
production of and getting rid of waist
reproduction
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46
Q

Osteocytes

A

bone cells

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47
Q

Myocytes

A

muscle cells

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48
Q

fibrocytes

A

connective tissue cells

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49
Q

enterocytes

A

intestinal cells

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50
Q

microvilli

A

brush shaped cells that line the small intestine.

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51
Q

goblet cells

A

columnar epithelial cells found in the gastrointesintal tract that secret mucin, a key component of mucus, which lubricate the intestinal lining.

52
Q

Columnar cells

A

tall skiny cells, shaped like a column. Involved in absorbing material

53
Q

cuboidal cells

A

shaped like a cube. Gives structure and stability

54
Q

Squamous cells

A

flat shaped cells that apear where lining is sloughed off

55
Q

stratified cells

A

Stacked cells

56
Q

Mucin

A

key component of mucus

57
Q

Organelles

A

membrane bound structures that have specific jobs that help maintain the cell

58
Q

cytosol

A

A semi-fluid matrix within cells, where many of teh body’s chemical reactions occur

59
Q

mitochondria

A

a structure within a cell involved in secretion and intracellular transport. Mitochondria convert nutrients into energy, by breaking the chimical bonds in nutrients and converting the released energy into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

60
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A structure within a cell involved in secretion and intracellular transport

61
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of tube like structures within a cell that is involved in protein and lid synthesis

62
Q

Parts of a cell

A 
Nucleus
Plasma membrane
mitchondria
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
peroxisome
63
Q

Nucleus

A

an organelle that contains ost of the genetic material of a cell

64
Q

lysosome

A

an organelle that contains enzymes that break down substances. It is the garbage collector and recycler of the cell, collecting and breaking down waste products.

Also protects the cell against invading pathogens.

Defects in lysosomes leads to a buildup of waste products and unwated molecules. that have been linked ot alzheimer’s, parkinsons, and huntington’s diseases.

They also play an important role in preventing cancer through apoptosis.

65
Q

Peroxisome

A

an organelle that contains enzymes that help metabolize nutrients

66
Q

bilayer

A

double layer of cell membrane

67
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist out of?

A

a bilayer of phospholipids with a phosphate (hydrophillic) head and a fatty acid (hydrophobic) tail, with membranous organelles floating around in the bilayer like icebergs floating in the ocean.

68
Q

What effect does the fats we eat have on the plasma layers of cells?

A

It can affect how fluid and flexible the membrane is.

Too much saturatred fat and it become rigid. Too much polyunsaturated fats and it becomes too fluid.

69
Q

What is the role of the glycoproteins that are attached to the plasma membranes?

A

enables cellular recognition by the immune system

70
Q

How does the cell membrane controll what gets in or out of the cell?

A 
simple diffusion (osmosis)
channel proteins
carrier proteins
-passive transport
-actove transport
pump proteins
71
Q

hydrophillic

A

water loving

72
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

73
Q

saturated fat

A

a type of fat with no double bonds.

74
Q

monounsaturated fat

A

a type of fat with one double bond

75
Q

polyunsaturated fat

A

a type of fatty acid with more than one double bond, often liquid at room temperature.

76
Q

Cellular signalling pathway / transduction

A
  1. A specific substance bonds to a receptor on the cell membrane
  2. the receptor activates a secnd messenger molecule inside the cell
  3. the second messenger goes into the nuclues and trigger changes in gene expression.
77
Q

Cellular signalling example: insulin

A
  1. As blood glucose levels increase, insulin is released form our pancreas and travels through the blood stream.
  2. insulin bind to specfic, insulin receptors on the membrane of certain cells (liver, muscle, fat)
  3. the receptor signals to secondary messengers (proteins) inside the cell to get more glucose transporters to the membrane and accept glucose more readily, as well as several other cellular actions.
78
Q

How does caffiene, theobromine and theophylline increase heart rate, blood pressure and stomach acid secretion?

A

by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down second messengers in cells.

79
Q

channel protein

A

a pore-like protein in a cell membrane that allows molecules to flow in passively

80
Q

carrier protein

A

a molecule that transports substances in and out of cells, either passively or actively

81
Q

passive transport

A

moving substances across a cell membrane without using energy

82
Q

active transport

A

moving substances across cell membrane into a region of higher concentration using energy

83
Q

Cytosoplasm

A

cytosol, together with all the organelles, except the nucleus.

84
Q

How does regular exercise and activity affect cellular makeup, metbolism and function?

A

Exercise creates a demand for more energy. the cells responds by making more cytosolic enzymes that break down carbohydrates along with storing more carbohydrates and fat for future use. The cell also gets better at breaking down these carbohydrates for energy. this is especially true in skeletal muscle cells.

Increased Aerobic exercise also increases mitochondral density. Since the mitochindria generate power for the cell, more mitochondria means more energy and more active cells.

Therefore exercise changes the way the body uses, metabolizes and stores nutrients, because of that, physically active bodies will respond differently than inactive bodies to the same nutrition plan.

85
Q

How much of the bodies energy is produced by Mitochondria?

A

95%

86
Q

Pump protein

A

A molecule that actively transport molecules in and out of cells using energy

87
Q

Signal transduction

A

Transmitting information throught an organism, expecially across or through a cell

88
Q

Signalling pathway

A

A sequence of chemical messaging among and within cells

89
Q

Second messenger

A

A chemical signal within a cell that is activated by something else and is part of a signaling pathway

90
Q

Receptor

A

a membrane structure that allows a cell to recognize substances and receive messages

91
Q

gene expression

A

The process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product

92
Q

pancreas

A

An organ that is part of the gastrointestinal tract and secretes insulin

93
Q

glucose transporters

A

proteins that carry glucose across a cell membrane

94
Q

What is the relationship between mitrocondria and ROS and why is mitrochondrial efficency important for our health?

A

When mitrochondria produce ATP, it consumes oxygen and also produces ROS (reactive oxygen species).

Mitochondral efficiency is the amount of ROS produced during ATP production. The more efficient , the more ATP is produced and the less ROS is produced, which means you feel great, you perform well, and you live longer, as ROS damages cells and DNA.

95
Q

How does nutrient deficiency affect mitochondral function?

A

low levels of certain nutrients like co-enzyme 10 and L-carnitine can negatively effect energy production in mitochondria.

96
Q

Which diseases are associated with low levels of co-enzyme q10 leading to low energy levels?

A

depression. fibromyalgia, Parkinson’s

also statin drugs

97
Q

Where is DNA housed?DN

A

Nucleus and Mitrochondria

98
Q

What is the main function of DNA?

A

Contains and provides instructions for making proteins we need fo rour structure and function

99
Q

Statin drugs

A

A class of drugs that inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and decrease low-density lipoproteins

100
Q

Enzymes

A

substances that break down other substances, or stimulate chemical reactions.

Enzymatic reactions are highly specific. Reactions occur when a molecule connects to the enzymes “active sites”. like a lock and key.

Specific enzymes break down specfic compounds or molecules, by breaking the chemial bonds.

lipase breaks down lipids
protease breaks down proteins
amaylase breaks down carbohydrates

101
Q

How much of our DNA do we share with other people

A

99.9% There is a small variation between individual people

102
Q

How much of our DNA do we share with chimpanzees?

A

95%

103
Q

Chromosomes

A

A tightly compacted structure in the nucleus that carries our genetic information

104
Q

DNA

A

A series of nucleic acids that contain our genetic code

105
Q

GENE

A

a distinct segment of DNA that codes for a specfic functional protein

106
Q

Evolutionary conserved genes

A

Genes that appear very early in our evolutionary history and have persisted

107
Q

Everything in our bodies depends on the interaction between our genes and the environment. What kinds of things in the environment influences genetic expression?

A 
Diet and Nutritional deficiencies
sunlight and vitamin D
toxins
bacteria and viruses
exercise
alchohol and other drugs
stress, trauma, and mood
circadian rhythms
and lots more
108
Q

What are the implications of epigenetics?

A

That genetic expression is dependend on the environment, and because we have some control over the environment we can affect genetic expression to some degree (lifestyle andfood choices, exercise, meditation, etc)

109
Q

Genetic polymorphism

A

small genetic differences

110
Q

Antioxidant

A

A substance that decreases oxidation, particulary in cellular metabolism.

Antioxidants donates electrons to unstable ROS molecules therefore stabilizing them and making them unreactive.

111
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a roughly 24 hour cycle of light and dark that organizes physiological processes

112
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A more extensive and specialized ER of muscled cells, needed to trigger muscle contration and relaxation

113
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein factories of the cell

114
Q

Steroid hormone

A

A group of related hormones with a distinctive ring-shaped structure

115
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. A messenger that carries instructions from DNA to make proteins

116
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The ER is like a factory for Lipids and proteins

Rough ER: rough in appearance due to attached ribosomes. produces proteins

Smooth ER: is smooth due to the absence of ribosomes. produces lipids like steriods etc.

proteins from the reticulum are transported to th egolgi apparatus

117
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus is like a shipping department

The golgi apparatus shapes and packages the proteins into a useable form. It also contains cisternae (small circular vesicles). The vesicles engulfs the protein molecules and transports them to the cell membranes, where they will either be sent into the body or become part of the membrane.

118
Q

difference between lysosomes and peroxisomes

A

Both peroxisomes and lysosomes are morphologically similar and are filled with enzymes.

However, while lysosomes are primarily involved in digestion, peroxisomes are mainly involved in detoxification of substance produced within the cells like hydrogen peroxide

119
Q

Where in the body does protein synthesis occur?

A

in the ribosomes attached to the RE and involves RNA

120
Q

B-oxidation

A

The process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondrea to be used for energy

121
Q

prostaglandin

A

a group of compounds with hormone like effects

122
Q

What is the four main ways in which cells utilize nutrients

A
  1. to proved ptential energy
  2. raw material for body structures
  3. co-factors
  4. Hormones
123
Q

What does the AMY 1 gene regulate?

A

The production of amylase

124
Q

co-factor

A

a substance needed ofr enzymes to work in chemical reactions

125
Q

hormone

A

a chical compound used to send messages and or cause effects in tissues

126
Q

What increases mitochondrial efficiency?

A

Healthy food
Healthy environment
Exercise

127
Q

What decreases mitochonrial efficiency

A

Stress
unhealthy food
Toxins

Nutrition (7 decks)

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