The role of technology in physical activity and sport Flashcards
1
Q
What is research ?
A
A systematic process of investigation and study carried out with the aim of advancing knowledge
2
Q
What are sports analytics ?
A
Studying data from sports performances to try and improve results
3
Q
How are sports analytics used ?
A
- used across the majority of sports through the world
- gives coaches and managers details on strengths and weaknesses
- A company called Opta specialise in sports analytics and sports such as football and cricket use these platforms to fine-tune and optimise performance
- Technology in sports collects different types of data
- Need to ensure data is reliable, valid and objective
4
Q
What is quantitate research ?
A
- formal, objective and systematic process
- factual and numerical data
- e.g. most fitness tests
5
Q
What is qualitative research ?
A
- focuses on words
- subjective
- uses thoughts and emotions
- helps gain a better understanding on participant experiences
6
Q
What is objective research ?
A
- information received based on facts
- measurable and observable
- suitable for feeding information back to the performer
7
Q
What is subjective research ?
A
- information based on personal opinions, assumptions and emotions
- seen as less meaningful feedback for a player
8
Q
What is validity ?
A
How much the data actually measured what it set out to do
9
Q
What is reliability ?
A
How consistent results are when using the same process
10
Q
What are video and analysis programmes ?
A
- coaches and athletes are using technology to analyse individual technique and team performances
11
Q
What is video motion analysis ?
A
- high speed cameras and computer software to analyse frame-by-frame footage
- analysis can take place either immediately after performance or in a more controlled lab setting
12
Q
What is performance analysis ?
A
- objective feedback
- for a performer who is trying to get a positive change in performance
- feedback can be given off many indicators
- e.g. successful passes. distance ran, shots taken
13
Q
What is indirect calorimetry ?
A
The measurement of the amount of heat generated in an oxidation reaction by determining the consumption of oxygen or the carbon dioxide expired
14
Q
What is metabolic cart ?
A
Device which works by attaching head gear to a subject while they breathe a specific amount of oxygen over a period of time
15
Q
How is metabolic cart used for indirect calorimetry ?
A
- non-invasive and highly accurate method of metabolic rate
- test indirectly measures how much energy your body uses at rest by measuring the amount of oxygen you consume compared to the amount of carbon dioxide you expire
- information is converted into the heat equivalent rate
- results measured in REE
- results can differ due to the height, weight, gender and age of an athlete
16
Q
How is an indirect calorimetry test used in sport ?
A
- to calculate resting energy requirements - minimal nutritional needs
- estimate additional calories needed for activities
- predict calories needed for weight maintenance, loss or gain
- useful for sports events with weight categories
- useful for those following intense exercise programmes to ensure sufficient calories
16
Q
How is GPS and tracking software used ?
A
- tracking systems help coaches monitor players during matches
- immediate information (speed, distance, time, hr, pace)
- improves performance by monitoring success rates in technical performance
- can measure g forces (sports such as formula 1, rugby)
- helps with substitutions and replacement (decreases the risk of injury, gage fatigue levels and manage workload during rehab
17
Q
What 2 sections has motion analysis developed into ?
A
Notational match analysis = used to record aspects of individual or team performance
Biomechanics = used to analyse the sporting impact of body moments (also known as kinematics)
- They both use quantitive data to make the data accurate, reliable and valid
18
Q
How can GPS tracking be utilised ?
A
- tracking devices deliver information in real-time
- distance and intensities can inform coaches of player workload
- Post injury workloads can be managed to ensure athletes aren’t over-exerting
- Inexpensive devices are now available to the amateurs - e.g. sports watches
19
Q
Why is monitoring data integrity important ?
A
- to ensure that data is entered into the system and recorded exactly as intended
- this means that the data is the same as when it was originally recorded
20
Q
How can GPS data integrity can be compromised ?
A
- human error
- when data is moved from one computer to another
- software bugs and viruses
- hardware malfunctions such as disks crashing
21
Q
How can the threat of data integrity being compromised be minimised ?
A
- regularly backing up data
- controlling access to data and protecting against malicious intent
- interfaces which prevents the input of invalid data
- using error detection and correction software when transmitting data
- not leaving a computer unattended
22
Q
What are the five functions of sport analytics ?
A
- monitoring fitness for performance
- skill and technique development
- injury prevention
- game analysis
- talent ID
23
Q
How is monitoring fitness for performance a function of sport analytics ?
A
- Elite athletes are continually pushing the boundaries of fitness
- Monitoring of fitness can be accessed through sports analytics such as heart rate monitors, smart watches etc
- Data such as heart rate, distance, calories burnt are easily accessible for both recreational and elite performers
- Coaches use data to analyse or for the individual performer to increase motivation
24
How is skill and technique development a function of sports analysis ?
- video analysis can be very valuable for coaches
- allows for manipulation of current techniques to replicate the elite performer
- the visual eye is unable to make precise calculations like video programming
- analyse happens frame by frame to give precise angle of limbs
- this gives instant feedback
25
What is the programme dartfish ?
- offers motion analysis and game analysis of performers
- presents data in charts and statistics which allow comparison
26
How is injury prevention a function of sports analysis ?
- vibrations use has increased over the last 10 years
- using vibrations means that additional muscle fibres are recruited which increases contraction strength
- This is achieved by creating a constant stretch in the muscle
- Vibrations increase blood flow to working muscles whilst removing waste products such as lactic acid and co2 (leads to faster repair and recovery)
- Electric vibrations = aid muscle contraction and relaxation with positive results for injury rehab
- Research has shown electrostimulation to be effective in preventing atrophy of the muscles (decrease in muscle strength, mass and oxidation) as a result of immobilisation
27
How is game analysis a function of sports analysis ?
- technology used such as GPS and video tracking provides a wide range of data
- this means that coaches can see how individuals and teams are performing
28
How is talent identification a function of sports analysis ?
- physiological data in talent ID is used for initial screening for those with desired characteristics
- additional testing looks at psychological qualities which are essential for elite sports (determine, committed)
- Olympic and Paralympic sports run programmes based on the data to select suitable candidates
29
How has equipment been developed to help increase sport participation ?
- technology is being utilised to remove barriers faced by the elderly and disabled
- allows them to train and compete both recreationally and internationally
- e.g. the use of prosthetics due to new materials and carbon fibre
30
What are some examples of adapted equipment for the elderly to support their participation in sport ?
Exercise balance beam = helps to maintain balance, posture, mobility and coordination by encouraging the lifting of feet
Pedal exercise machine = helps improve circulation and muscle ton without the harsh impact of exercise
Therapy balls and finger extension exercises = helps with the movement of hands and wrists and increases grip strength
Technologically advanced wheelchair design = wheelchairs can be personalised for sports to enable participation for those confined to wheelchairs
31
How have facilities and surface being improved due to technology ?
- technology led to enhanced athletics tracks (which have more springs and boost performance)
- some criticisms have looked at the link between grass and injury's
- 3/4G pitches have been used for elite fixtures = better for the athletes
32
What does MUGA stand for ?
Multi-use game areas
- such as sports halls
- used by schools and local communities
- cheaper than specialised facilities
33
What are negative effects of technology on the sport ?
- slowing the game down due to VAR checks
- data interpreted incorrectly
- expensive to gain the best technology
- games become data driven - less authentic and creative
34
What are positive effects of technology on the sport ?
- improves game play
- improves decision making
- performance levels improve
35
What are positive effects of technology on the performer ?
- Equipment improved - light weight tennis rackets, weight weight and aerodynamic bikes
- Clothes improved - compression socks to increase blood flow
- improved knowledge about recovery
- improved knowledge of diet and nutrition
- improvements in drug-testing
- improvement in drug-testing
36
What are negative effects of technology on the performer ?
- undetectable drug enhancement - masking agents
- increase in injury due to playing surfaces
- inequality - rich can afford better equipment
- unfair playing field on an international stage
37
What are the positive effects of technology on coaches ?
- provides objective and reliable data for analysis
- coach can set individual and team targets
- comparison between players using sites such as darkfish
- workload intensity information from training
38
What are the negative effects of technology on coaches ?
- other teams can analyse your weakness and exploit them
- decrease in creativity due to over-reliance
- data may not give a true reflection or show the whole picture
39
What are the positive effects of technology on the audience ?
- spectators have access to live statistics
- slow-motion increases audience experience
- pundits using technology to analyse performance
- viewers can now pause, rewind and replay live events
40
What are the negative effects of technology on the audience ?
- commentator bias
- bias highlights - results in the negative labelling of a team
- game slowing due to TMO or VAR reviews
- reduced atmosphere of watching a match on TV
- reduced amount of fans attending matches as it is easier and cheaper to watch at home
41
What are the positive effects of technology on the officials ?
- easier to make the correct decisions
- viewers can hear the referee to understand why a decision has been made
- a review can increase viewers excitement
42
What are the negative effects of technlogy on the officials ?
- disrupts the flow of play
- only used for the elite performers
- can increase spectator respect for the ref
- over-reliance of technology
