Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History > The road to Democracy > Flashcards

The road to Democracy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

When did the philosophy of apartheid begin to change and why?

A
  • In the late 1980’s

- Because PW Botha introduced a new concept which he called “Total onslaught - Total strategy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the concept of PW Bothas new strategy?

A

Total repression in the face of the so-called communist onslaught which he mixed with another strategy of “REFORM” - allowance of certain liberties in order to gain the support of the black middle class.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did it become apparent that the NP was in a crisis and why were they in a crisis?

A
  • In 1989
  • New strategy not working
  • The situation in the townships indicated that SA was heading towards a civil war
  • Proved that mixing repression with reform was a failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When and why did PW Botha hand over his Prime Minister-ship and to who?

A
  • In 1989
  • He suffered a heart attack
  • F.W. De Klerk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the situation in 1990?

A
  • NP still in power
  • Black people had no vote
  • ANC banned and leaders in exile or jail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was FW De Klerk’s opening address to Parliament?

A

2nd of February 1990

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What changes did De Klerk announce in his opening address?

A
  • Unbanning of the ANC, PAC, Communist Party and others
  • Release of political prisoners
  • Easing of restrictions, bannings and censorship
  • Suspension of the death penalty
  • Willingness to negotiate change - new democratic constitution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the reaction of De Klerks Policy of Transformation?

A
  • People were surprised
  • Broad range of people welcomed it (nationally & internationally)
  • Condemned by the right wing Afrikaner politics, the Conservative Party and the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the reasons for change in the NP policies?

A
  • NP wanted to control pace of change and retain some power
  • NP believed that ANC was weak - banned for 30 years
  • “Township revolt” - strength of resistance -> the security forces could not fight the resistance movement indefinitely
  • Defeat of SA forces in Angola -> govt. had to re-assess military strength
  • Collapse of communism in the USSR -> idea of total onslaught no longer valid
  • Economic effects of sanctions and disinvestment on SA
  • Disruptions in education and legacy of Bantu education -> growing shortage of skilled workers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was Nelson Mandela’s position before De Klerks announcements?

A
  • Secret meetings had been occurring between Nelson Mandela and the govt since 1985 –> he rejected offers of conditional release
  • He remained in jail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was Nelson Mandela released and what did he do after being released?

A
  • Released on the 11th of February 1990
  • 27 years in jail
  • Addressed meetings in Cape Town and Soweto
  • Flew to Lusaka to meet ANC leaders -> elected deputy president of ANC
  • Stressed ANCs commitment to negotiate with govt.
  • Welcomed in 13 African, European and North American countries
  • Urged Western leaders to maintain sanctions until process to democracy assured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What obstacles faced the ANC before negotiations about constitutional changes could take place?

A
  • Banned for 30 years -> needed to build up structures in SA
  • Differences in opinion among ANC leaders over ideology and tactics –> possible clashes between returning exiles and leaders in SA
  • Expectations of millions impatient for change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What obstacles faced the NP before negotiations about constitutional changes could take place?

A
  • Lost support to Conservative Party and AWB - supporters afraid or angry at De Klerk’s concessions
  • Members of security forces were suspected of being sympathetic to the right wing
  • Some NP leaders wanted to retain its powerful position in alliance with Inkatha
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How did the situation in the townships present itself as an obstacle?

A
  • Poverty and unemployment were reaching desperate levels
  • Violent clashes between Inkatha and ANC supporters increasing
  • Suspicions of ‘third force’ involvement of police promoting violence.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When were the first round of talks scheduled to happen? And why didn’t they happen?

A
  • April 1990
  • Called off because of the Sebokeng Killings
  • -> The Goldstone Commission was appointed to investigate killings and the govt. were forced to make concessions
  • Troops were sent to Natal to stop the violence and indemnity was given to ANC exiles involved in the negotiations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When and where did the first official round of talks take place?

A
  • Groote Schuur
  • Cape Town
  • 2 May 1990
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the aim, issues and outcome of the Groote Schuur Minute?

A
  • AIM - identify and overcome the obstacles to negotiation
  • ISSUES -Security legislation; troops in the townships; state of emergency; ongoing violence; political prisoners; return of exiles; continuation of the armed struggle; sanctions
  • OUTCOME - agreement reached on most issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When and where did the next round of talks take place?

A
  • Pretoria

- 6 August 1990

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happened at the Pretoria Minute?

A

-ANC agreed to suspend armed struggle in SA and govt agreed to lift the state of emergency = DF Malan Accord
BUT OBSTACLES CONTINUED:
-Failed to stop violence between Inkatha and ANC supporters
-Activities of “third force” caused tension and terror
-Evidence of secret funding of Inkatha -> sincerity of govt to establish democratic country was doubted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What were the fundamental differences over who should draw up a constitution between the ANC and NP?

A
  • ANC wanted majority rule –> constitution drawn up by democratically elected constituent assembly
  • Govt. wanted some form of power sharing –> to protect the interest and role of NP + concerned about rights of minorities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When did the first round of talks about the constitution take place and what was the multi-party conference referred to?

A
  • December 1991

- Formed CODESA to draw up an interim constitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was the state of CODESA I?

A
  • 19 groups included ANC, NP, Inkatha and the delegates of homelands represented
  • Conservative Party, PAC and AZAPO boycotted it
  • Parties agreed that writing of constitution would be in two stages:
  • ->Interim constitution to be drafted by multi-party conference
  • ->Final constitution to be drafted by first elected parliament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was the outcome of CODESA I?

A
  • Participants signed a “Declaration of Intent” - committing themselves to a multi-party democracy and to set up working groups to continue discussions on specific issues
  • Played a significant role in laying down the foundation for multi-racial discussions
24
Q

Why was the NP losing the support of the conservative white people?

A
  • Opposition to removal of apartheid laws
  • The ongoing violence in the country
  • Return of political exiles
  • Participation of South African Communist Part (SACP) leaders (Joe Slovo) in the negotiations
  • Threat to white interests of CODESA talks - many hope that the CP and AWB would protect Afrikaner interests
25
Q

What happened to De Klerk in 1992 and what did he do because of it?

A
  • Lost a seat to the CP in a by-election

- Decided to test the Np’s support amongst the white voters in a referendum [17 March 1992]

26
Q

What was the outcome of the “Whites only referendum” ?

A

70% of white electorate voted in favour of continuing reforms

27
Q

When did CODESA II take place and what mistake did the govt make?

A
  • 15 May 1992

- NP took a tougher line due to having won clear support from the white electorate in the referendum

28
Q

Why did talks collapse at CODESA II?

A
  • Disagreement on majority rule and power-sharing
  • ANC became suspicious about govt’s role in the ongoing violence –> govt. deliberately stirring up hatred and violence between ANC and Inkatha –> 3rd force? –> media portrayed it as ‘black-on-black’ violence
  • News of the Boipatong massacre increased the tension
  • ANC called for a campaign of ‘mass action’ to put pressure on the govt. to agree on some of its demands
29
Q

What was the state of SA by the middle of 1992?

A
  • Difficult situation
  • Spirit of goodwill and optimism = gone
  • Violence increased
  • Fears of a civil war
30
Q

When was the Boipatong Massacre and what happened?

A
  • June 1992
  • ANC members attending a funeral were attacked in their homes and killed by Inkatha supporting hostel dwellers
  • Police were believed to have allowed, or even encouraged massacre
31
Q

What were the results of the Boipatong Massacre?

A
  • ANC broke of negotiations with govt
  • International concern -> pressure on De Klerk from Western Powers
  • Goldstone Commission -> confirmed suspicions about police involvement
  • UN observers sent to monitor the political separation
  • ANC, SACP and COSATU launched campaign of ‘rolling mass action’ which involved a two-day general strike by millions of workers.
32
Q

Why did the Bisho Shootings occur in September 1992 and what was the result?

A
  • ANC planned a protest march from King William’s Town to Bisho, the capital of the Ciskei to protest against homeland govt of Brigadier Oupa Gqoso.
  • Ciskei troops fired on the marchers, killed number of unarmed people and injured over 200 more.
  • RESULT: Both the ANC and Govt realised that it was crucial that talks between them should be resumed
33
Q

What was the reaction of the AWB to CODESA?

A
  • Spoke openly of resorting to violence
  • In 1991 fighting in the streets of Ventersdorp between police and AWB gunmen when the AWB tried to prevent FW de Klerk from addressing a NP meeting.
  • More visible in 1993 Centre where talks about new constitution were in progress
  • They were however unsuccessful and made the main parties realised the need to reach agreement.
34
Q

What was the record of understanding?

A
  • As the result of intense “behind-the-scenes” negotitations between Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC) and Roelf Meyer (NP), the two sides met on 26 September 1992 and signed record of understanding
  • -> a commitment to resolve differences
  • Paved a way for CODESA to be resumed
35
Q

What concessions were the ANC and NP prepared to make to ensure that talks resumed?

A

Government: -Agreed to release political prisoners

  • To erect fences around hostels
  • Ban the use of ‘traditional weapons’

ANC: - agreed to govt of ‘national unity’

  • NP included for first 5 years under the new constitution
  • -> This compromise solution, suggested by the SACP leader, Joe Slovo, provided the break through that was needed to get negotiations going again = The Sunset Clause
36
Q

What was COSAG?

A
  • An unlikely alliance formed by the left out parties on the 6th of October 1992
  • The Concerned South African Group
  • -> Homeland governments of Ciskei and Bophuthatswana, Conservative party, and the Afrikaner Volksunie
37
Q

Who was Chris Hani and what happened to him?

A
  • He was a popular ANC and SACP leader
  • Assasinated by right-wing extremist Janusz Walus, who had links to the Conservative Party
  • Hani played a key role in getting the more militant youth to accept the negotiating process
  • After his death it seemed as if all progress had lost –> it led to angry township demonstrations and increase in racial tensions
38
Q

When and where did multi-party talks resume?

A
  • A year after the collapse of CODESA 2 April 1993
  • At the World Trade Centre in Johannesburg
  • Became known as the “Negotiating Forum”
39
Q

What did the Negotiating forum include and what happened?

A
  • Included the PAC and Conservative Party

- By the end of July the negotiators agreed that SA’s first democratic elections would be held on 27 April 1994

40
Q

What issues were not resolved at the Negotiating Forum?

A
  • Buthelezi (Inkatha) challenged some of the decisions in court
  • The Conservative Party withdrew because there were no provisions for a volkstaat
  • Bophuhatswana and Ciskei also withdrew
41
Q

When was an agreement on the interim constitution decided and what were the conditions?

A
  • November 1993
  • National Assembly of 400 representatives elected by proportional representation
  • 9 provinces
  • Senate with 10 representatives from each province
  • President to be elected by National Assembly
  • National Assembly and Senate to form constitutional assembly to draft final constitution
  • Govt. of National Unity for five years
  • Establishment of Constitutional Court
42
Q

What were the plans for the first democratic election?

A
  • Vote for all over 18

- Date set for 27 April 1994

43
Q

What attempts were there to disrupt elections?

A
  • APLA (armed wing of PAC) launched attacks on civilians (e.g. St. James Church massacre) -> PAC finally agreed to end armed struggle
  • Right-wing Afrikaners launched bombing campaign in Johannesburg, incl. bomb at Joburg Airport on day of election and AWB invaded Bophuthatswana
  • Inkatha march in Joburg near ANC headquarters -> violent clashes between Inkatha and ANC
  • Buthelezi threatened to boycott election -> only agreed to participate one week before it
44
Q

What was SA’s first democratic election like?

A
  • Attempts to disrupt election failed
  • 27-29 April 1994: 20 million voted in first democratic election
  • IEC had to ensure that it was free and fair
  • Foreign govts and organisations also sent observers
  • Ballot papers designed to ensure all could participate
  • Counting of votes took over a week
45
Q

What was the result of the election?

A

ANC - 63%
NP - 20%
IFP - 11%

46
Q

What was the pre-election agreement for the Government of National Unity (GNU):?

A
  • A coalition govt. for first 5 years

- All parties with 5% of votes to be part of it

47
Q

What was the GNU like?

A

First cabinet included 12 ANC, 6 NP and 3 IFP members

  • Mandela first president
  • Mbeki and De Klerk deputy presidents
  • IFP leader, Buthelezi, Minister of Home affairs
  • SA joined OAU and SADC
  • Re-joined commonwealth
  • Became important member of Non-Aligned Movement
  • UN lifted arms embargo; SA participated again in General Assembly
48
Q

What economic challenges did the GNU face?

A
  • Effects of sanctions
  • huge debts of apartheid govt
  • Low economic growth rates
  • High inflation and taxation rates
  • Massive unemployment of unskilled workers
49
Q

What economic and social inequalities resulting from apartheid did the GNU face?

A
  • Great poverty
  • Millions lacked basic services and schools
  • With democracy, people expected jobs, housing and better education plus healthcare services but govt couldnt deliver these without real economic growth.
50
Q

What new structure of local and provincial govt needed challenges did the GNU face?

A
  • Former homelands to be incorporated into 9 new provinces
  • Civil service and police force to be restructured
  • New national defence force (SANDF) to integrate MK, APLA guerrillas, former homeland armies and the SADF
  • Education system to be restructured
51
Q

What problems in the townships did the GNU face?

A
  • Legacy of preotest politics -> non-payment of rent and services
  • High levels of violence and crime
52
Q

What underlying issues of fundamental importance did the GNU face?

A
  • How to deal with the past (i.e. legacy of apartheid and inequalities)
  • How to face the future (i.e. national reconciliation and nation building)
53
Q

What were the provisions in the pre-election agreement?

A
  • Interim constitution (until after 1994 election)
  • Final constitution (to be drawn up by first parliament)
  • National assembly and senate to form Constitutional Assembly
54
Q

Input from ordinary people were wanted by what problems occurred?

A
  • Many illiterate rural people, with no access to TV
  • No tradition of consultation between govt and citizens
  • many didnt recognize importance of constitution

–>Massive media campaign to inform people and invite input -> public meetings; workshops and written submissions

55
Q

What was the impact of the new constitution?

A

May 1996: New Constitution adopted

  • SA a ‘constitutional democracy’
  • Constitutional Court to protect and uphold constitution
  • Bill of rights

Millions of copies of constitution distributed in 11 official languages and written in ordinary language

56
Q

What happened with the break up of the GNU?

A
  • May 1996: NP withdrew -> became part of opposition
  • De Klerk stepped down as deputy president -> retired from politics
  • NP later disbanded
  • Inkatha remained part of GNU (even after 5 years)
57
Q

What were the achievements of GNU?

A
  • Showed how democracy could work in SA
  • Adopted constitution based on human rights
  • Established mechanisms to deal with the legacy of past

History (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions