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The Civil Rights Movement Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the initial form of civil rights attacks?

A
  • non-violent confrontation
  • boycotts
  • sit-ins
  • freedom rides
  • mass marches
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1
Q

What gave strength to future civil rights attacks against segregation?

A

The battle for school desegregation

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2
Q

Who personified the non-violent movement?

A

Martin Luther King Jr.

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3
Q

Who was MLKJ?

A
  • Baptist minister
  • Firmly opposed to violence
  • organized many campaigns of the 1950’s and 1960’s
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4
Q

When was the Montgomery bus boycott?

A

December 1955

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5
Q

What happened with the Montgomery bus boycott?

A
  • black people were only allowed to sit in the back seats of the bus and had to give up their seats if white people wanted them
  • on 1 December 1955 Rosa Parks (43 y/o black women) refused to give up her seat for a white man –> she was arrested
  • set off chain of events
  • black people in Montgomery walked or organized car pools instead of use busses
  • subject to intense harassment and intimidation
  • bus company lost 65% of it’s income
  • civil lawyers argued the case in court
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6
Q

What was the significance of the Montgomery bus boycott?

A
  • in 1965, the Supreme Court declared segregation on buses unconstitutional
  • number of new organizations formed –> Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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7
Q

When did the sit-ins at Greensboro North Carolina take place? And what happened?

A

February 1st 1960

4 black college students sat down at an all white lunch counter

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8
Q

What did the sit-ins lead too?

A
  • sparked off sit ins all over south
  • started campaigns against segregation in restaurants and public places
  • 70 000 students involved in kneel-ins, read-ins, play-ins, wade-ins, etc
  • more than 30 000 people arrested during demonstrations
  • the success inspired black student to form the SNCC
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9
Q

What was the significance of the sit ins?

A
  • press took interest –> such discriminating behavior unacceptable in “land of the free”
  • schools and stores were desegregated in towns such as Atlanta and Tennessee
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10
Q

Who were the freedom riders and what were they trying to achieve?

A
  • in 1961 the Supreme Court made segregation at bus terminals and on buses traveling between the American states illegal
  • young black and white members of CORE decided to test it
  • they were confronted with violent
  • over 400 arrested and 3 murdered
  • the KKK played an important role in mobilizing white people against freedom riders
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11
Q

What was the significance of the freedom riders?

A

Kennedy ordered the end of segregated interstate transport in November 1961

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12
Q

Who was James Meredith and what happened to him?

A
  • in 1962 he was refused admission to the University of Mississippi.
  • after a few legal appeals, they were forced to admit him
  • govt. sent over 500 federal marshals to accompany and protect him
  • a general protest and riots broke out
  • 2 people killed and 375 injured
  • 5000 army troops were sent to restore order
  • despite these setbacks, he was admitted and became a lawyer
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13
Q

What was the significance of what happened to James Meredith?

A
  • it was another victory for CRM
  • incident received a lot of media and ensured that the American public was kept fully informed of what was happening in the south
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14
Q

When did the march in Birmingham take place?

A

April 1963

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15
Q

Why did the march in Birmingham take place?

A
  • Martin Luther King Jr led the march in Birmingham, Alabama
  • considered to be the most racist city in the south
  • known as “Bombingham” –> white supremacists had bombed almost 60 homes and churches of black people
  • aimed to expose racism on national level –> successful
  • demonstrations were held in protest of the city’s racist laws
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16
Q

What happened during the Birmingham march?

A

The police chief, Bull Connor, gave orders to set police dogs on the peaceful protestors.
The police also used high-pressure water canons which tore the clothes off the backs of the protestors.

17
Q

What was the significance of the Birmingham march?

A
  • it drew national public attention to problem of racism in south and support for the CRM grew
  • President Kennedy pressurized governor of Alabama to desegregate Birmingham and proposed Civil Rights Legislation
18
Q

When did the march on Washington DC take place?

A

28 August 1963

19
Q

What happened at the march of Washington, D.C. And why?

A
  • more than 200 000 people took part in massive demonstration to show support for the Birmingham civil rights protestors and in support of the new bill
  • at the Lincoln Memorial, 250 000 people, from all religious and ethnic backgrounds, joined together to demand full racial equality
  • the most memorable was MLKJ’s “I have a dream” speech
20
Q

What was the significance of the March on Washington, D.C.?

A
  • black and white people came together to protest against racial inequality
  • MLKJ’s speech had an impact all over the world on people who were oppressed and encouraged them to fight discrimination
  • president Kennedy passed the Civil Rights act of 1964 which made discrimination illegal
21
Q

When was the freedom summer?

A

In 1964

22
Q

What happened during the freedom summer?

A
  • black and white civil rights campaigners from the liberal northern states, went to Mississippi to open “freedom schools” an to encourage black people to register as voters
  • taught basic literacy and black history —> stress black pride and achievements
  • why? -> black people had the right to vote but were intimidated by white community
  • why? -> some areas in the southern states had a bigger black population than whites
  • 60 000 new black voters registered but still there was a violent reaction:
  • black churches were bombed
  • hundreds of freedom summer workers were beaten, arrested, 6 murdered
23
Q

What was the significance of the Freedom summer?

A

1965 - the voting rights act outlawed obstacles to voting which some states had used to exclude black voters

24
Q

When did the Selma-Montgomery marches take place?

A

1965

25
Q

When was the first Selma-Montgomery march and what happened?

A

7 march

  • protestors were met by wall of state troopers who asked them to disband. They refused and were attacked with batons, teargas and mounted police.
  • brutality of police was televised all over country –> raised support for CRM
  • 17 protestors = hospitalized
  • known as “bloody Sunday”
26
Q

When was the second Selma-Montgomery march and what happened?

A

9 march

  • held in protest of “bloody Sunday”
  • MLKJ called on the clergy and citizens all over country to join protest
  • 2500 people responded to the call
27
Q

When was the third Selma-Montgomery march and what happened?

A

21 march

-5 day and 4 night march in which approx. 8000 people took part in

28
Q

What was the significance of the Selma-Montgomery marches?

A
  • number of people –> masses
  • message of the struggle was spread
  • in August 1965 president Johnson signed the voting rights act
29
Q

What was the significance of the CRM?

A
  • united both black and white Americans to fight for a united USA free of racial prejudice
  • Luther’s “I have a dream” speech provided vision for a united and liberal America
  • it led to the signing of the Civil rights act in 1964, which brought racial equality, and the voting rights act in 1965, which lifted all obstacles to voting.
  • it also proved to the US govt. that colour was not a factor in the quest for human dignity and human rights
30
Q

What were the reasons for the black power movement?

A
  • The focus of the CRM was to end segregation in the South
  • still serious inequality in northern states
  • 1965 50% of black Americans lived in ghettos –> poor housing, schools, high unemployment
  • as 1960’s progresses the black Americans came to reject non-violent methods of MLKJ and the SCLC (southern Christian leadership conference)
  • instead they turned to black power
31
Q

What were the causes and growth of the black power movement?

A
  • started with wave of riots
  • main cause–> poor living conditions and police brutality in ghettos (CRM didn’t deal with it)
  • in 1965 violent riots broke out in Watts in the ghettos of LA - 34 died, many injured and arrested.
  • $35 million worth of property and goods damaged
  • after assassination of MLKJ on 4 April 1968 by racist James Earl Ray –> more riots broke out
  • presidential commission appointed to investigate riots - chief cause = white racism
32
Q

What was Stokely Carmichael’s initial way of fighting against discrimination?

A
  • joined groups like SNCC and nonviolent action group
  • wanted to help ensure black citizens received their equal rights and used non-violent measures to get his point across
  • participated in some of the first freedom rides
33
Q

Why did Carmichael get a new perspective and what was it?

A
  • witnessing the helplessness of people so fully commited to the non-violent approach gave him a new perspective –> one which condoned the use of violent techniques against the brutality of the racist police force
  • new tactics sought to reciprocate the fear instilled in African Americans by the police force –> lead to creation of militant social group known as “the black panthers”
  • believed that guns might be necessary for self defense
  • came up with idea of black power –> he saw this as communities organizing themselves to win political power
  • during a freedom march in Mississippi he coined the term “Black power” –> relied on self defense, self-determination and racial pride
  • he was a great contributor to the CRM and helped register black voters and helped encourage black pride
34
Q

What was Malcolm x’s life initially?

A

-born Malcolm Little and grew up in Boston’s black ghettos
-fathers lessons on black pride and self-reliance and his own experiences concerning race played significant role in his life
-after living in series of foster homes –> became involved in criminal activities & sentenced to 8-10 years in prison when he was 21 y/o
-in prison he:
Became Muslim
Changed his name
Joined the Nation of Islam –> encouraged black black people to develop self-sufficiency and free themselves of the dependence on whites
-he left prison in 1952 and rose to prominence

35
Q

What did Malcolm X stand for?

A
  • criticized MLKJ tactics of non-violence and argued that CRM held back black people
  • believed in concept of armed self defense against KKK
  • urged black pride and to seize their freedom “by any means possible”
  • promoted black separation, believing that blacks needed to be self reliant
  • wanted to improve lives of black people
  • some accused him of inciting racial hatred and violence
  • became the most influential leader of the BPM
36
Q

What were the contributions of the BPM?

A
  • held regular conferences and encouraged black participation in public affair
  • result = black mayors elected in cities and programmes to improve housing and facilities were put in place
  • encouraged black business and entrepreneurship by means of promoting economic and social equality (limited success)
37
Q

Who were the black panthers and who founded them?

A
  • militant group within BPM

- founded in Oakland, California, by bobby Seale and Huey p. newton on October 15 1966

38
Q

Why were they initially founded?

A

Calling primarily for the protection of African American neighborhoods from police brutality

39
Q

What did the black panthers do and initially believe in?

A
  • they were young, angry and identified with teachings of Malcolm x
  • believed that moderate leaders of CRM had failed black people
  • established ghetto clinics which provided health care and legal aid
  • wanted to expose brutality of police against black people
  • more then wiling to use violence
  • California law allowed a person to carry a rifle as long as it was hidden and not loaded. One of their tactics was to “police the police”. They followed the police around as whey they found the police harassing or arresting a black person, they would approach them. Dressed in black and carrying a camera, law book and guns in full view, they made sure that the police operated within the law
  • they were seen as a real threat to American society –> armed, well trained and very determined
  • involved in many clashes with the police and several leaders ended up in prison

History (4 decks)

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