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Module 9 The Retina, Vitreous And Optic Nerve > The Retina > Flashcards

The Retina Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the photoreceptors?

A

Turn light in to electrical energy

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2
Q

Which letter is the photoreceptor layer?

A

C

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3
Q

Which letter is the nerve fibre layer

A

A

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4
Q

Which letter is the tapetum?

A

D

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5
Q

Which letter indicates the outer nuclei layer?

A

B

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6
Q

Which is where on this photo?

Where is the choroid and vitreous ?

A

Vitreous above A

Choroid below D

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7
Q

What can you see when you look at the back of the eye?

A

The tapetum and blood vessels

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8
Q

The tapetum is made up of what type of cells?

These contain reflective material, in the dog this is?
Cat?

A

Polyhedral iridocytes

Dog - cysteine
Cat Riboflavin

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9
Q

The retinal pigment epithelium is pigmented or non pigmented;
Over the tapetum?
The rest of the eye?

A

Tapetum- non pigmented

Rest of the eye- pigmented

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10
Q

What are Stars of Winslow?

A

Dots throughout the tapetum (don’t see often in dogs, see in the cats)
End on blood vessels in the choroid

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11
Q

When is the development of the tapetum done in dogs?

When does it start?

A

4months

7weeks

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12
Q

How are colour dilute animals non tapetal fundus different to normal animals?

A

Colour dilute animals have lightly or non pigmented non tapetal fundus so can see choroidal vasculature

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13
Q

How many layers are there in the retina?

A

10 layers

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14
Q

Where do the blood vessels come from that supply the;
Outer retina?
Inner retina?

A

Outer retina is supplied by the choroid

Inner retina is supplied by the retinal vessels

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15
Q

In the area centralis is this area rod or cone dense?
Where is this area?
Are there blood vessels here?

A

Cone dense

Lateral to the optic disc

No

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16
Q

What is the central depression in the optic nerve called?

What is the outer elevated portion called?

A

Physiological cup

Papilla

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17
Q

The optic nerve head in dogs is what colour?
Cats?

Why?

A

Dogs- White due to myelination

Cats- grey due to being unmeylinated

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18
Q

What is Pseudopapilloedema?

Which breed do you often see with this?

A

When myelin extends beyond the margin of the optic disc in to the nerve fibre layer

Golden retriever

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19
Q

Which species is this fundus?

What are the larger vessels?

Smaller vessels?

A

Dog

Paired arterioles and veins
Anastamosing ring

Arterioles

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20
Q

What species is this fundus?

A

Dog

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21
Q

What type of species and type is this a fundus of?

A

Colour dilute dog

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22
Q

Which species is this?

A

Cat

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23
Q

Which species is this? What type?

What are the dots on the choroid?

A

Colour dilute cat

Stars of Winslow

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24
Q

What does degeneration/ atrophy of Retina cause?

A

Hyperreflectivity

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25
Q

What causes the tapetum to become hyporeflective?

A

Retinal detachment
Choroidal effusion
Inflammatory exudates
Neoplasia

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26
Q

What causes pigmentary changes in the tapetum?

A

Inflammation (in response to RPE hypertrophy)

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27
Q

Which layer is which;
Tapetum
Retina
Choroid

A
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28
Q

How would you describe this tapetum?
Hypo or hyper reflective?

What is the arrow pointing at?

A

Hyporeflective

Chorioretinitis- inflammatory cells under retina making it look greyish/ dull

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29
Q

How would you describe this retina?

Hypo or hyper reflective?

A

Hyper reflective

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30
Q

In the non tapetum what does inflammation cause?

Clumping or loss of pigment?

A

Loss of pigment

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31
Q

In the non tapetum what does retinal degeneration cause?

Clumping or loss of pigment?

A

Clumping of pigment

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32
Q

Which one causes attenuation of blood vessels?

Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia

A

Degeneration conditions

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33
Q

Which one causes dilation of blood vessels?

Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia

A

Inflammatory conditions

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34
Q

Which one causes sausaging/ box carring of blood vessels?

Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia

A

Hyperviscosity syndromes

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35
Q

Which one causes perivascular cuffing of blood vessels?

Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia

A

Inflammatory conditions

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36
Q

Which one causes colour changed of blood vessels?

Degeneration conditions
Inflammatory conditions
Hyperviscosity syndromes
Anaemia/ lipaemia

A

Anaemia/ lipaemia

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37
Q

What does an infundibular retinal detachment look like?

What the retina firmly attached to to cause this?

A

Marquee roof

Ora serrata and optic disc

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38
Q

What is happening to this retina?

A

Bulous retinal detachment

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39
Q

What pattern does a subretinal haemorrhage cause?

  • Large, dark
  • Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
  • Flame shaped, follow nerve fibres of ganglion cells
  • Keel boat, form in virtual space between neuro retina and vitreous face
A

Large, dark

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40
Q

What pattern does a intraretinal haemorrhage cause?

  • Large, dark
  • Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
  • Flame shaped, follow nerve fibres of ganglion cells
  • Keel boat, form in virtual space between neuro retina and vitreous face
A

Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)

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41
Q

What pattern does a superficial haemorrhage cause?

  • Large, dark
  • Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
  • Flame shaped, follow nerve fibres of ganglion cells
  • Keel boat, form in virtual space between neuro retina and vitreous face
A

Flame shaped

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42
Q

What pattern does a vitreal haemorrhage cause?

  • Large, dark
  • Smaller, lighter (dots and blots)
  • Flame shaped, follow nerve fibres of ganglion cells
  • Keel boat, form in virtual space between neuro retina and vitreous face
A

Keel boat

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43
Q

What is Papilloedema?

A

Swelling of the optic nerve head

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44
Q

What changes to the optic nerve head does glaucoma cause?

A

Cupping

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45
Q

What has happened to this optic nerve?

A

Atrophy

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46
Q

For ERG do you dilate or constrict the pupil?

A

Dilate

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47
Q

In regards to an ERG which wave causes which activity;

A wave
B wave
C wave

Bipolar cell activity
Photoreceptor activity
RPE activity

Which one is not usually seen in routine protocols?

A

A wave - Photoreceptor activity
B wave - Bipolar cell activity
C wave - RPE activity

C wave

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48
Q

Which species do you have to be careful with IV fluorescein?

A

Cats- can cause anaphylaxis

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49
Q

Which area has a high density of cone cells?

A

Area centralis

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50
Q

Is collie eye anomaly acquired or congenital?

What is the hallmark lesion? M
Secondary complications?

How is it inherited?

Uni or bilateral?

Which breeds?

When is this best seen?

A

Congenital

Choroidal hypoplasia +/- coloboma of ONH or peripapillary area (around ONH)

Retinal haemorrhages and detachments

Autosomal recessive

Bilateral

Smooth collie, border collie, Shetland sheepdog, Lancashire heeler, novascotia duck tolling retriever

5-7weeks

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51
Q

What condition does this indicate?

A

Collie eye anomaly

Choroidal hypoplasia

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52
Q

What is happening in the optic nerve?

A

Optic nerve head coloboma

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53
Q

This is a colour dilute animal with what condition?

A

Collie eye anomaly with choroidal hypoplasia

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54
Q

Is retinal dysplasia congenital or acquired?

What does it look like histologically?

Does it affect vision? Yes no variable?

Hereditary?

A

Congenital

Neuro retina folded/ rosettes

Variable

Yes

55
Q

What does this indicate?

What is the type of lesion?

Does it affect vision?

A

Multifocal retinal dysplasia

Rosettes

No

56
Q

What is this condition?

A

Multifocal retinal dysplasia, linear form

57
Q

What is this horse shoe shaped lesion indicating in the centre of the tapetal fundus?

What is next to it?

What is the effect on vision?

A

Geographic retinal dysplasia

Hyperreflectivity of the tapetum

58
Q

Which retinal dysplasia causes a searching nystagmus?

A

Total retinal dysplasia

59
Q

Canine PRA;

What is the mode of inheritance?

Breeds?

60
Q

First sign of PRA? Why?

Maze test?

What happens to the pupils?

A

Rods affected first, then cones

61
Q

Retinal Signs of PRA?

Secondary changes?

62
Q

What is this retina a sign of?

63
Q

How does onset of PRA differ from cats to dog?

A

Cats develop a lot earlier

64
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of PRA in the cat?

Are genetic tests available?

65
Q

What condition is here?

Which species?

A

PRA

Cat

Hyperreflective retina
Weedy vessels

66
Q

what is this condition and end stage of?

A

PRA

No vessels left

67
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy?

68
Q

With retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy are those dogs better in low or bright light?
Close and stationary objects or moving distant objects?

Does this normally cause total blindness?

A

Low light
Moving distant objects

No

69
Q

What happens to the retina in retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy?

70
Q

What is this condition?

A

Retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy

71
Q

What is this condition?

A

Advanced Retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy

Note the honeycomb appearance
Still has BVs

72
Q

Which vitamin Deficiency is linked to retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy?

Genetic?

Which breed is it still seen in? Why?

A

Vitamin E

Yes

Cocker spaniel, low levels of serum tocopherol

73
Q

Neuronal ceroid lipofucinosis

What does it cause?

Inheritance?

Breed?

Retinal appearance?

What does this look identical to at the end stage?

74
Q

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy

Inheritance?

Breed?

Age see lesions? When does it stop getting worse?

Retinal changes?

Affect on vision?

A

Generally large breeds!

75
Q

Retinal dystrophy in the Briard

Day or night blindness?

When can you see changed in ERG?

When do you see Ophthalmic signs?

Retinal signs?

76
Q

Canine stargardt disease

Breed?

Vision?

Pupils?

Retinal signs?

77
Q

In the golden retriever how many types of PRA?

78
Q

Uveodermatological syndrome

Immune mediated or autoimmune?

Breed?

Age?

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of UVD?

80
Q

Treatment of UVD?

81
Q

SARDS

Signs?

PLR?

Age? Sized dog?

Change in bloods?

82
Q

Retinal changes with SARDS?

83
Q

What other condition can look like SARDs?

A

Pituitary tumour

84
Q

Test for SARDS?

Treatment?

85
Q

Taurine deficiency retinopathy causes what changes in the retina?

Cause?

Reversible?

Other organ affected?

A

Hyperreflectivity

Inappropriate diet/ malabsorption

Irreversible

Heart

86
Q

Signs of enrofloxacin toxicity in cats?

Fundus?

A

Irreversible retinal degeneration

87
Q

any treatment for enrofloxacin overdose?

88
Q

Uk infectious causes of Chorioretinitis?

89
Q

Acute Chorioretinitis clinical signs?

A

Retinal oedema!

90
Q

What sign does inflammation in the vitreous cause? (Hyalitis)

91
Q

How can you distinguish between pigment and haemorrhage on the retina?

A

Green light (red free light);
Haemorrhage will turn black
Pigment will remain brown

92
Q

What is happening with this retina?

A

Feline chorioretinitis

93
Q

What are the signs of active chorioretinits v old?

A

Active - fuzzy lesions, hyporeflective

Chronic - well demarcated areas, hyperreflectivity

94
Q

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment happens how?

Which breed get a primary cause of this?

A

Tear/ hole in the retina then fluid enters from the vitreous then lifts off RPE

Shih Tzu

95
Q

What are the causes of congenital retinal detachments?

96
Q

Does systemic hypertension cause an exudative/ traction non rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

What are other causes of this?

A

Exudative non rhegmatogenous

Neoplasia/ chorioretinitis

97
Q

What caused a traction non rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

A

Haemorrhage/ inflammation from;
Trauma
Intraocular surgery

98
Q

What is this u/s showing?

A

Retinal detachment, still attached at the optic nerve head

99
Q

Which breed of dogs get steroid responsive retinal detachment?

Can the retina re attach with steroids?

A

German shepherds and their crosses

Yes

100
Q

What has happened here?

A

Retinal detachment the re attachment

Notice crinkly appearance

101
Q

Which species?

What is the difference between them?

A

Rabbit

Left is pigmented, right isn’t

102
Q

Which species?

A

Rat (albino)

103
Q

Which species?

What are the dots?

A

Horse

Star of Winslow

104
Q

Which species?

A

Sheep

Vessels twist over each other
Kidney bean optic nerve head

105
Q

What is happening here in this dogs retina?

Congenital/ acquired?

A

Rosettes - Multifocal retinal dysplasia

Congenital

106
Q

What is this?

A

Infundibular retinal detachment

107
Q

What is happening in this retina?

A

Total retinal dysplasia

Retina detached

108
Q

What is happening here?

A

Geographical retinal dysplasia

Look for horse shoe shape in the centre!

109
Q

What is happening here?

A

Choroidal hypoplasia - collie eye anomaly!

Look for scary tree like vessels lateral to optic disc

110
Q

What’s happening here?

Condition?

A

End stage PRA

Tapetal hyperreflectivity
Mon tapetal fundus patchy
Vessels weedy
Optic nerve atrophic and flat

111
Q

What is happening here?

Condition?

A 
Vitreal haemorrhages (Keel boat) 
Subretinal too (dark and large) 
Intraretinal too (dots and blots)

Systemic hypertension

112
Q

What BP classifies as hypertension?

The most common cause in dogs? Cats?

Does this cause chorioretinopathy more in dogs or cats?

A

> 160mmHg

Renal disease

Cats

113
Q

Hypertension causes dilation or construction of the retinal arteriorles?

How can retinal detachment happen?

A

Constriction

114
Q

What are the ophthalmoscopic signs of hypertension?

A

Vessels nipping- cross over

Alterations in calibre- thicker/ thinner

115
Q

What’s happening in this retina

A

Bullous retinal detachment

Tortuous vessels

116
Q

What is happening here?

A

Bullous detachment

Variations in calibre of vessels

117
Q

What is happening in the centre of this?

118
Q

What is the cause of hyperviscosity syndrome?

Conditions?

A

Often neoplastic!

119
Q

What does hyperviscosity syndrome cause on the eye?

120
Q

Which breeds get a primary hyperlipidaemia?

What are the secondary causes?

121
Q

What is the cause of the appearance of these arterioles?

A

Lipaemia retinalis

122
Q

What can DM cause to the retina?

A

Haemorrhages and microaneurysms.

123
Q

Choroidal melanomas are generally malignant/ benign?

Colour?

A

Benign

Darkly pigmented

124
Q

Most common secondary tumour in retina?

125
Q
A

B Multifocal retinal dysplasia

126
Q

What is this?

A

Geographic retinal dysplasia

127
Q
A

D retinal pigment epithelial dysplasia

Tan spots- lipofusion. Not present in PRA

128
Q
A

Micropapilla

Optic nerve head small from birth!
Choroidal vessels empty

129
Q
A

B

A haemorrhage in cats retina
C retinal oedema leaking fluid caused by high BP
D some retinal haemorrhage, retinal detachment

130
Q

Does retinal detachment cause hyper or hypo reflectivity?

A

Hyporeflectivity

131
Q

Does choroidal effusion cause hyper or hypo reflectivity?

A

hyporeflectivity

132
Q

Does retinal degeneration cause hyper or hypo reflectivity?

A

Hypereflectivity

133
Q

Does retinal neoplasia cause hyper or hypo reflectivity?

A

Hyporeflectivity

Module 9 The Retina, Vitreous And Optic Nerve (3 decks)

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