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Geography A (physical) > The Restless Earth > Flashcards

The Restless Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary effects of volcanos?

A 
Volcanic blast - power of which can blow things over 
Pyroclastic flows 
Livestock and crops destroyed
Buildings destroyed 
Lava flow
Volcanic bomb
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2
Q

What earthquake activity occurs at a constructive plate margin?

A

Low magnitude earthquakes

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3
Q

Examples of earthquake proof things?

A

Transamerican Pyramid

intelligence anti earthquake bed

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4
Q

What landforms occur at a constrictive plate margins?

A

Shield volcanoes

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5
Q

What is a volcanic bomb?

A

Large boulders and stones are hurled out of the volcano during an eruption

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6
Q

Description of Richter scale?

A

11th March 2011
9.0 on Richter scale
100km easy of Sendai on Honshu
10m in height

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7
Q

What type of scale is the Richter scale?

A

Logarithmic

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8
Q

What are lahars or mudflows?

A

When rain brings spot and ash back to the ground it becomes heavily saturated mudflow when combined with snow and ice

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9
Q

Describe the richer scale?

A

Used info from seismometer
Record strength of shock waves and movement
Seismogram produces a line graph of waves (seismograph)
Logarithmic

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10
Q

General uses of fold mountains?

A

Farming
Mining
Tourism
HEP

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11
Q

Why do plates move towards eachother?

A

Convection currents

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12
Q

How far was L’Aquila’s focus from the surface?

A

8.8 km

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13
Q

How can spiders help to monitor volcanos?

A

Spiders (robots) are added to craters to monitor sulphur dioxide concentration which can signify an eruption

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14
Q

How is the Richter scale used to measure earthquakes?

A

Information collected by seismometers
That record the strength of shock waves and amount of movement through line graphs
This then indicates a number between 0/1 and 10

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15
Q

What happens to tsunamis in deep water?

A

Travels fast but with a shallow wave height

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16
Q

Describe a conservative plate margin?

A

Two plates do not directly collide but slide past eachother along a fault
No volcanoes are formed along these plate boundaries but earthquakes do occur

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17
Q

What causes a tsunami?

A

Rarely a large meteorite
A volcanic eruption
Underwater landslide
Powerful undersea earthquake

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18
Q

MEDC earthquake response?

A

More money for prediction and government
Planned response
Larger companies involved

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19
Q

Date of hati earthquake?

A

12th January 2010

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20
Q

Characteristics of a shield volcano?

A 
Flat top
Low lying
Broad base
Gentle sloping sides
Little ash
Non explosive
Frequent eruptions
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21
Q

LEDCS earthquake response?

A

Poorly constructed buildings
Poor communication links
Spread of disease (due to a lack of clean water)

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22
Q

What were the primary effects of Haiti?

A 
220,000 deaths
300,000 injuries
5 aftershocks
1.3 million people displaced
8 hospitals damaged 
Port damaged
Road blocked
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23
Q

Examples of a conservative plate margin?

A

Mid Atlantic ridge

North American and Eurasian plate

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24
Q

Features of constructive plate boundaries?

A

Shield volcanos

Low magnitude earthquakes

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25
Q

Formation of a composite volcano?

A

Plated move towards eachother due to convection currents in mantle
Oceanic (denser) subducts under continental
Melting occurs due to friction and heat
Pool of magma forms which rises
Pressure released in an eruption
Giving steep sided volcano of lava and ash

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26
Q

National effects of a super volcano eg Yellowstone?

A

Flights suspended
Livestock die (choke on hot ash)
Road transport difficult

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27
Q

What is the magma like in a super volcano?

A

Large amounts of silica
Viscous
Cools quicker
Explosive

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28
Q

How can earthquakes be prepared for?

A

Drills
Activities
Education in school
Seismic risk map

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29
Q

Describe a destructive (collision) plate?

A

When two plates of similar densities move together

This caused the material between them to buckle and rise up forming fold mountains

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30
Q

Characteristics of shield volcanos?

A 
Gentle slopes
Wide base
Frequent eruptions
Non violent
High speed lava flow 
Less viscous
Low lying
Little ash
Rounded
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31
Q

Effects of Monserat volcanic blast?

A

Huge pyroclastic flows over 500 degrees : 3 main ones came down ‘Mosquito Gut’
50% of Montserrat is uninhabitable
Infrastructure eg airport and roads destroyed
19 died
Montserrat’s economy was de estates

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32
Q

Explain how volcanos are formed at constructive plate margins?

A

Convections currents in the mantle cause plates to be pulled apart
A gap is created which is filled with rising magna
This cools to form lava
As the plates shift apart more magma is released from the mangle
This fills the gap and the layers build up to form a volcano under the ocean

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33
Q

How can monitoring volcanos help?

A

Changed to be identified in advance means evacuation

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34
Q

What is a fault?

A

A large crack in the earths crust

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35
Q

Effects of a tsunami?

A 
20,000 people killed 
6 million without electricity
1 million without water 
Over 1,000 aftershocks 
500 km squared of costal plains inundated 
Ruptured gas pipes led to fires
Explosions occurred at Fukushima 
Stock marts fell 
Billions of dollars of damage
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36
Q

HEP in Andes case study?

A 
Steep narrow valleys
Suitable for dams
Steep relief provided fast flowing water needed to turn turbines
Yuncan project
El Platinal (2009)
Dams the Cañene River
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37
Q

Natural warning for a tsunami?

A

Sea retreats hundreds of metres leaving hundred of sea bed exposed as wave approaches

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38
Q

Definition of fold mountains?

A

Mountains formed from the folding of the earths crust

Where rock layers have crumpled into anticlines and syncline a as they have been pushed together

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39
Q

What did Haiti measure on the Richter scale?

A

7

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40
Q

Features of the mantle?

A

Molten
1300-5000 degrees
^ just below the crust

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41
Q

Features of the crust?

A

Outer layer of earth
Thin layer
Solid
6-70 km thick

Think skin of an apple

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42
Q

Why did Haiti happen?

A

Subduction plate boundary - Atlantic subducts Caribbean

Earthquake occurred due to pressure
Sudden release (strike slip)
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43
Q

What would happen in the country of a super volcano erupted?

A

One in three killed within 1000 I’m
Buildings would collapse due to weight of ash
Ground planes and road transport difficult
Livestock would chocke in ash

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44
Q

Describe the size and shape of a super volcano?

A

Large eruption
At least 100 cubic km of metres is erupted
Around flat areas
Tens to be sunken surrounding higher land

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45
Q

How do earthquakes form at destructive plate margins?

A

Oceanic moves towards continental
Oceanic subducts under continental as it is more sense
This exerts great pressure on the crust
This builds up over time
Release of this pressure caused the plates to shift
EARTHQUAKE

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46
Q

How can earthquakes help to monitor volcanos?

A

Earthquakes monitored as this can trigger volcanic eruption

If they are stronger or more frequent

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47
Q

Why do the largest earthquakes not always cause the most deaths?

A

Population density may be low so few people present in the danger area

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48
Q

Describe a constructive plate boundary?

A

Convection currents in the earths mantle force the plates at this boundary apart
New oceanic crust is created which can emerge as volcanic islands

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49
Q

How can earthquakes be predicted?

A

Historical data
85% occur at plate boundaries
Seismic mapping (tremors)

CANT PREDICT WHEN

50
Q

Secondary effects of Montserrat?

A

Fires destroyed buildings infrastructure destroyed led to no trade
Loss of tourism
Volcanic ash improved solid fertility
Population decline of 8,500 people

51
Q

Secondary effects of Haiti?

A 
Landslides
2 million without food and water
Looting - collapse of police force 
$14 billion in economic damage 
Disease in tented camps
Power cuts 
100,000 people had diahorria
52
Q

What happens at destructive subduction boundaries?

A

Fold mountains
Higher magnitude earthquakes
Ocean trench
Volcanos

53
Q

Primary effects of Haiti?

A 
220,000 killed
300,000 injured
1.3 million people displaced
100,000 houses destroyed 
8 hospitals damaged 
200,000 damaged houses
54
Q

How many cm do the plates move every year?

A

3cm

55
Q

Features of the outer core?

A

Liquid

Mostly iron

56
Q

Why did Haiti happen?

A

Subduction plate boundary - Atlantic subducts Caribbean

Earthquake occurred due to pressure
Sudden release (strike slip)
57
Q

Primary effects of Montserrat?

A 
Plymouth (cc) buried
19 killed and 7 injured
50% of Montserrat uninhabitable
Loss of houses farms schools hospitals airport vegetation and farmland
20 villages destroyed
58
Q

Why don’t largest earthquakes cause the most deaths?

A

Low population density

Few people in danger area

59
Q

What is the earths focus?

A

Within the earths crust where the earthquake begins

60
Q

On the Richter scale, what does an increase of 1 represent?

A

A 10 fold increase

61
Q

How can earthquakes be protected?

A

Fire resistant building materials
Open areas for evacuation
Computer controlled weights on root to reduce movement
Rubber shock absorbers to absorb tremors
Bird cage interlocking steel frame
Found stings sunk in bedrock avoiding clay

62
Q

Primary effects of Montserrat?

A 
Plymouth (cc) buried
19 killed and 7 injured
50% of Montserrat uninhabitable
Loss of houses farms schools hospitals airport vegetation and farmland
20 villages destroyed
63
Q

Features of the inner core?

A

Solid (as under the most pressure)
An be as hot as 5500 degrees
Solid iron

64
Q

Before the eruption in Montserrat how many people lived there?

A

12,000
Now
5,000

65
Q

How do you measure volcanos? What does it measure?

A

Volcanic explosivety index

Measures 8 = top of the scale

66
Q

Farming case study Andes?

A 
Milk and wool for clothes and rugs
Cash crops eg cotton
Llamas used as pack animals
Females used for meat
Growing of subsistence crops eh potatoes on terraces
67
Q

Give two differences between the continental crust and oceanic crust?

A

Continental crust is less less dense than oceanic
Continental is older than oceanic
Continental is thicker
Continental can be destroyed

68
Q

Why did the volcano at Montserrat form?

A

Subduction of the Atlantic plate under the Caribbean plate

69
Q

Describe a destructive plate boundary (subduction zone)?

A

Where an oceanic plate meets a continental plate
The oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate because it’s denser
As the plate subducts it starts to melt due to friction caused by movements between the plates and the heat
The melted plate is now hot liquid rock
The Magna ride through gaps in the continental plate
It reaches the surface and forms a volcano

70
Q

Describe pyroclastic flow

A

ash is ejected into air loses ability to be suspended so falls back to earth. Hit ash and gas runs down side of mountain at great speed.

71
Q

Features of the oceanic crust?

A 
Thinner
Younger 
Destroyed and re made
Sinks
More dense
72
Q

Why don’t the largest earthquakes cause the most deaths?

A

Low populations density
Few people in danger area
Poor areas so buildings kill people

73
Q

Responses to L’Aquila earthquake?

A

161 tented settlements for homeless
Red Cross set up field kitchens serving 10,000 per day
Mobile companies provided free phones
Mobile offices sent to homeless camps so people could access money + pensions

30,000 grants worth 2.4 billion euros
Investigation into buildings
All tax payments stopped by government
100% government funded reconstruction

74
Q

Effects of L’Aquila earthquake?

A 
295 deaths
2,000 injured
Bridge near Fossa collapsed
Streets impassable
Loss of medieval buildings
Dormitory collapsed

Fires in collapsed buildings
$2.5 billion economic damages
34,000 homeless
Broken water pipe near Paganica caused a landslide

75
Q

International effects of a super volcano eruption eg Yellowstone?

A

Temperatures fall by 10-15 degrees making it difficult to grow good
U.K. Revived ash five days later
Parts of Europe covered in snow for 3 years meaning no food
40% of population starve to death
Failed monsoon
Huge avalanches

76
Q

What caused Japan tsunami?

A

Pacific plate subducts under North American

Earths crust flicked up between 5-10n

77
Q

Formation of a shield volcano?

A 
Convection currents force played apart
Magma rides up from magna chamber 
Magna plugs the gap,
Some is forced along vent and erupts at the surface
Magna reached the surface as lava 
Erupts and cools to add new layers
78
Q

Explain the formation of fold mountains?

A

Rivers erode material and transport it to sea
deposited on the sea floor
Layers build up and are compressed
Forming sedimentary rock
At destructive (collision) plates move together and rock crumpled

Can also be formed at subduction where continental crumpled as it meets oceanic crust

79
Q

What landforms form at a destructive plate boundary (subduction zone)

A

Fold mountains
Ocean trench eg Mariana
Volcanoes

80
Q

Mining case study Andes?

A

Tin,nickel, silver, gold
Yanacocha gold mine in Peru is largest in the world
Led to expansion of Cajamarca
From 3,000 to 240,000 inhabitants

81
Q

Why did Montserrat occur?

A

Destructive (subduction) plate boundary
Atlantic subducts RED under Caribbean
Was dormant for 200 years

82
Q

What happens to tsunamis in shallow water?

A

It slows causing the wave to rise up or increase in size

83
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point on the eather surface directly above it

84
Q

Describe the mercalli scale?

A

Effects of earthquake
1-12
Ask eyewitnesses for observations using photos or words

85
Q

Short term responses to Montserrat?

A

April 1996 Plymouth was evacuated
Support units to search and rescue survivors
U.K. Provided £17 million in emergency aid
Temporary infrastructure built

86
Q

Long term responses to Montserrat?

A

People returned
MontserrT observatory set up in 1996
New harbour at ‘little bay’ new airport and new roads
Risk map created
South of island still of limits
£200 million to restore electricity and water and build infrastructure from Britann

87
Q

What are the features of a destructive (collision) plate?

A

Fold mountains

Higher magnitude earthquakes

88
Q

Secondary effects of earthquakes?

A

Fires - usually from ruptured gas lines
Tsunamis
Disease - unsanitary conditions leads to fast spread
Landslides - huge amounts of material move quickly

89
Q

Describe the size and shape of a super volcano?

A

Very large scale, colossal eruption (at least 1000 cubic I’m of material)
Tend to be sunken surrounded by area of higher land, flat land

90
Q

What date did L’Aquila happen?

A

6th April 2009

91
Q

Effects of a tsunami?

A 
20,000 people killed 
6 million without electricity
1 million without water 
Over 1,000 aftershocks 
500 km squared of costal plains inundated 
Ruptured gas pipes led to fires
Explosions occurred at Fukushima 
Stock marts fell 
Billions of dollars of damage
92
Q

Local impacts of super volcano eruption eg Yellowstone?

A

Large ash cloud rising of 40-50jm in atmosphere
10,000 square km of land destroyed
15 cm thick ash covering buildings within 10,000 km which collapse under the weight
Deaths (one in three killed within 1000km of eruption)

93
Q

Andes case study?

A

7000 km

West coast of South America

94
Q

Explain the formation of fold mountains?

A

Rivers erode material and transport it to sea
deposited on the sea floor
Layers build up and are compressed
Forming sedimentary rock
At destructive (collision) plates move together and rock crumpled

Can also be formed at subduction where continental crumpled as it meets oceanic crust

95
Q

Explain how volcanoes form at constructive plate margins?

A

Plates pull apart due to convection currents in the mantle
A gap is created which is plugged by rising magma
This cools to form lava
As the plates shift apart more magma is released from the mantle to fill the gap
The layers build up to form a volcano under the ocean

96
Q

What is the difference between the focus and the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

Focus is within the earths crust
Where the earthquake begins
Where’s the epicentre is the point directly above the focus

97
Q

Describe how volcanos are monitored?

A

Earthquakes occurring more frequently or strongly are a sign that an eruption is likely to occur - warning and time to prepare
Tilt meters record even a slight changes in the shape of the land and spiders monitor gases - the concentration of sulphur dioxide increases before an eruption

Allows time to stock up on supplies and allow time for evacuation

98
Q

Date of Montserrat’s eruption?

A

June 1997

99
Q

Tourism in the Andes case study?

A 
Scenery of high peaks, glaciers, lakes and valleys
Inca trail (45km) + Macchu Picchu
Weaving clothes and scarves
South American food
Markets and crafts
100
Q

Where do earthquakes occur?

A

Along faults

101
Q

What is an ocean trench?

A

Long narrow steep sided depression in the earths

102
Q

Features of conservative plate boundaries?

A

Higher magnitude earthquakes are common

103
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

A series of large waves generated by the movement on the ocean floor

104
Q

Secondary effects of volcanic eruptions?

A 
Lahars and mudflows
Insurance claims
Climate change
Homelessness
Buisnesses forced to close
Unemployment 
Flood and water supply distrusted
105
Q

Farming case study Andes?

A 
Milk and wool for clothes and rugs
Cash crops eg cotton
Llamas used as pack animals
Females used for meat
Growing of subsistence crops eh potatoes on terraced
106
Q

Description of Richter scale?

A

11th March 2011
9.0 on Richter scale
100km easy of Sendai on Honshu
10m in height

107
Q

What are the general primary effects of earthquakes?

A

Buildings collapsing
Roads and bridges being destroyed
Buckling of railway lines

108
Q

What are seismic waves?

A

Waves produced in an earthquake

109
Q

Explain the formation of a composite volcano?

A

Plates move towards eachother due to convection currents
The denser oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate
Melting occurs in this zone due to frictions and heat and magma forms
This increase in pressure is released in an explosive eruption along the flat
Giving a steep sided volcano

110
Q

What did L’Aquila measure on the Richter scale?

A

6.3

111
Q

General uses of fold mountains?

A

Farming
Mining
Tourism
HEP

112
Q

What did Italian government do to prepare for the earthquake?

A

Civil protection department
Trains volunteers
Laws on construction standards

113
Q

Formation of oceans of trenches?

A

As oceanic subducts beneath continental
A very deep steep sided depression is made
Very deep sea causes an ocean trench

114
Q

Characteristics of a composite volcano?

A 
Steep sided
Hardens quickly
Thicker
Less viscous 
Slower
Explosive 
Less frequent
115
Q

Why do plates move?

A

Due to convection currents

116
Q

How do tilt meters help to monitor volcanos?

A

They record the slightest change in the shape of the land

117
Q

What caused Japan tsunami?

A

Pacific plate subducts under North American

Earths crust flicked up between 5-10n

118
Q

Example of a destructive zone?

A

The Pacific plate su ducts under the Eurasian plate

This causes many large earthquakes in Japan

119
Q

Where do most tsunamis occur?

A

Subduction (destructive margins) zones

120
Q

Earthquakes at destructive plate boundaries (subduction)

A

Higher magnitude earthquake

121
Q

Where were the responded to Haiti?

A

UN troops distributed aid and kept order
Red cross set up temporary field hospitals
Iceland sent rescue teams
Dominican Republic provided water and medical supplies

Cash for work in clearing rubble
After one year still 1,300 camps
Small farmers supported for crops

122
Q

Continental crust features?

A 
Thicker
Older
Permanent
Floats 
Less dense

Geography A (physical) (5 decks)

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