the rest of the module

Question 1

bio-psych-social model:
what was Engels reasoning for creating the BPS model (what kind of approach is it)

Answer 1

• all dimensions of illness must be attended to simultaneously
• HOLISTIC approach
• to understand and respond to patients suffering and to give them sense of being understood

Question 2

bio-psych-social model:
what is the fundamental assumption of this model

Answer 2

health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors

Question 3

bio-psych-social model:
name some biological factors:

Answer 3

genetic vulnerability, physical health, disability, diet, neurochemistry, emotions, drug effects, immune response, stress response

Question 4

bio-psych-social model:
name some psychological factors:

Answer 4

attitudes/beliefs, perceptions, self-esteem, personality, grief, trauma, coping skills, emotions

Question 5

bio-psych-social model:
name some social/environmental factors:

Answer 5

school (bullying), interpersonal relationships, peer group, family circumstance, societal norms, work, lifestyle, abuse, neglect, socio-economic status, cultural factors

Question 6

what causes depression, chemically?

Answer 6

low levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin (feel-good chemical in the brain) and dopamine (positive feelings associated with reward and reinforcement)

Question 7

define compliance

Answer 7

the action or fact of complying with a wish or command -> can be interpreted as passive response, people will comply because its enforced

Question 8

define adherence

Answer 8

believe in and follow the practices of

Question 9

define concordance

Answer 9

agreement, recognises people make own decisions and have right to decline medication or treatment

Question 10

adherence rates of ___% or more are needed for optimal therapeutic efficacy but adherence to chronic medications is estimated to be closer to ____%

Answer 10

80, 50

Question 11

do long-term conditions have poor or good medication adherence rates

Answer 11

poor, can be improved by motivational interviewing

Question 12

what factors affect concordance with treatment?

Answer 12

• extent to which patient understands treatment regime
• understanding of conditions severity
• presence/absence of pain
• amount of change requires in patients lifestyle
• complexity of treatment regime

Question 13

how can you promote concordance with treatment?

Answer 13

• assessment of patients personality/cognitive abilities
• identify patients attitudes towards treatment
• identify patient coping strategies
• support network?
• communication -> transactional model of communication
• positive reinforcement

Question 14

describe The Medicines Act 1968

Answer 14

prescription only medicines can only be given in accordance with directions of appropriate practitioner -> eg its unlawful to crush a tablet before administration without authorisation of independent prescriber

Question 15

describe the Consumer Protection Act 1987

Answer 15

manufacture is not liable for any ensuring harm that may come to patients or person administering altered medication (eg pill crushed into powder)

Question 16

describe the Disability Discrimination Act 1995

Answer 16

its unlawful to discriminate against person because of their disability, including right of access to and benefit from medicinal products and treatment

Question 17

what are the 5 principles of the Mental Capacity Act 2005

Answer 17

1) person must be assumed to have capacity unless established otherwise
2) person not to be treated as unable to make decisions unless all practicable steps to help them do so have been taken with success
3) person not to be treated as unable to make decisions because they make unwise decisions
4) acts done on behalf of person who lacks capacity are to be done in their best interest
5) before act is done, regard must be had for if the action can be effectively achieved in way that’s less restrictive of persons rights and freedom of action

Question 18

what is the ‘patient group directive’

Answer 18

provides legal framework to allow the supply and/or administration of specified medicines by authorised health professionals to pre-defined group of patients needing prophylaxis or treatment for condition described in PGD (eg childhood immunisations)

Question 19

what is CBT and how does it help

Answer 19

cognitive-behavioural therapy aims to improve mental health by focusing on challenging and changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviours, improving emotional regulation and the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems

Question 20

how does CBT differ from other therapies

Answer 20

• doesn’t assume family dynamics generate/maintain the problems as in family therapy
• focuses on conscious dynamic rather than unconscious, focuses on behaviour and more on emotional processes, less on past and more on present and maintenance factors

Question 21

what are CBT techniques?

Answer 21

diary, thought record, challenging negative thoughts, cognitive restructuring and imagery, behaviour experiments, relaxation, mindfulness

Question 22

human communication is broadly classified by 4 types:

Answer 22

• interpersonal
• intrapersonal
• group dynamics
• public/mass

Question 23

what are the 3 types of communication models

Answer 23

linear model, interactive model, transactional model

Question 24

what is the most effective communication model

Answer 24

transactional model of communication

Question 25

motivational interviewing suggests the reason we struggle to make a behaviour change is due to _______

Answer 25

ambivalence (state of having mixed feelings)

Question 26

what does the unconscious conflict of motivational interviewing entail

Answer 26

self-fulfilling cycle of failure where logical mind wants to make changeout emotional mind disagrees, compromise made leading to shame/guilt leading to bad urges

Question 27

what are the 5 stages of the trans-theoretical model (stages of change)

Answer 27

1) pre-contemplation
2) contemplation
3) preparation
4) action
5) maintenance
relapse
1) pre-contemplation

Question 28

what are the 4 principles of motivational interviewing

Answer 28

express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, support self-efficacy

Question 29

what are the 4 processes of motivational interviewing

Answer 29

• engaging -> to build alliance/therapeutic relationship
• focusing -> developing shared idea about main focus of discussion
• evoking -> bringing out their arguments for change/hopes/goals
• planning for change

Question 30

define internal locus of control

Answer 30

those who believe they’re responsible for their successes and failures in their lives -> believe they’re in control of events they experience

Question 31

define external locus of control

Answer 31

those who believe factors like luck/chance/divine intervention are implicated in their lives -> believe they have little to no control over course of their lives

Question 32

what are the 5 components of stigma

Answer 32

labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, discrimination

Question 33

what other alternative forms of therapy exist

Answer 33

art therapy, dance movement therapy, music therapy, reminiscence therapy

Question 34

what are the 4 aspects of therapeutic play in children

Answer 34

social relationships, personal strengths, emotional wellbeing and communication

Question 35

define ‘behaviours of concern’

Answer 35

culturally abnormal behaviour of such intensity/frequency/duration that physical safety of person/others is placed in serious jeopardy or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit/deny access to use of ordinary community facilities

Question 36

is positive behaviour support ethical and why

Answer 36

yes -> incorporates the 4 important ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice

Question 37

what is the ABC approach to assessing behaviour?

Answer 37

A -> antecedents -> triggers, what was happening prior to behaviour

B -> behaviour -> what is the behaviour, how long does it last, how severe is it

C -> consequences -> what is the outcome of this behaviour