the rest of the module Flashcards
bio-psych-social model:
what was Engels reasoning for creating the BPS model (what kind of approach is it)
- all dimensions of illness must be attended to simultaneously
- HOLISTIC approach
- to understand and respond to patients suffering and to give them sense of being understood
bio-psych-social model:
what is the fundamental assumption of this model
health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors
bio-psych-social model:
name some biological factors:
genetic vulnerability, physical health, disability, diet, neurochemistry, emotions, drug effects, immune response, stress response
bio-psych-social model:
name some psychological factors:
attitudes/beliefs, perceptions, self-esteem, personality, grief, trauma, coping skills, emotions
bio-psych-social model:
name some social/environmental factors:
school (bullying), interpersonal relationships, peer group, family circumstance, societal norms, work, lifestyle, abuse, neglect, socio-economic status, cultural factors
what causes depression, chemically?
low levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin (feel-good chemical in the brain) and dopamine (positive feelings associated with reward and reinforcement)
define compliance
the action or fact of complying with a wish or command -> can be interpreted as passive response, people will comply because its enforced
define adherence
believe in and follow the practices of
define concordance
agreement, recognises people make own decisions and have right to decline medication or treatment
adherence rates of ___% or more are needed for optimal therapeutic efficacy but adherence to chronic medications is estimated to be closer to ____%
80, 50
do long-term conditions have poor or good medication adherence rates
poor, can be improved by motivational interviewing
what factors affect concordance with treatment?
- extent to which patient understands treatment regime
- understanding of conditions severity
- presence/absence of pain
- amount of change requires in patients lifestyle
- complexity of treatment regime
how can you promote concordance with treatment?
- assessment of patients personality/cognitive abilities
- identify patients attitudes towards treatment
- identify patient coping strategies
- support network?
- communication -> transactional model of communication
- positive reinforcement
describe The Medicines Act 1968
prescription only medicines can only be given in accordance with directions of appropriate practitioner -> eg its unlawful to crush a tablet before administration without authorisation of independent prescriber
describe the Consumer Protection Act 1987
manufacture is not liable for any ensuring harm that may come to patients or person administering altered medication (eg pill crushed into powder)
describe the Disability Discrimination Act 1995
its unlawful to discriminate against person because of their disability, including right of access to and benefit from medicinal products and treatment
what are the 5 principles of the Mental Capacity Act 2005
1) person must be assumed to have capacity unless established otherwise
2) person not to be treated as unable to make decisions unless all practicable steps to help them do so have been taken with success
3) person not to be treated as unable to make decisions because they make unwise decisions
4) acts done on behalf of person who lacks capacity are to be done in their best interest
5) before act is done, regard must be had for if the action can be effectively achieved in way that’s less restrictive of persons rights and freedom of action
what is the ‘patient group directive’
provides legal framework to allow the supply and/or administration of specified medicines by authorised health professionals to pre-defined group of patients needing prophylaxis or treatment for condition described in PGD (eg childhood immunisations)
what is CBT and how does it help
cognitive-behavioural therapy aims to improve mental health by focusing on challenging and changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviours, improving emotional regulation and the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems
how does CBT differ from other therapies
- doesn’t assume family dynamics generate/maintain the problems as in family therapy
- focuses on conscious dynamic rather than unconscious, focuses on behaviour and more on emotional processes, less on past and more on present and maintenance factors
what are CBT techniques?
diary, thought record, challenging negative thoughts, cognitive restructuring and imagery, behaviour experiments, relaxation, mindfulness
human communication is broadly classified by 4 types:
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- group dynamics
- public/mass
what are the 3 types of communication models
linear model, interactive model, transactional model
what is the most effective communication model
transactional model of communication
motivational interviewing suggests the reason we struggle to make a behaviour change is due to _______
ambivalence (state of having mixed feelings)
what does the unconscious conflict of motivational interviewing entail
self-fulfilling cycle of failure where logical mind wants to make changeout emotional mind disagrees, compromise made leading to shame/guilt leading to bad urges
what are the 5 stages of the trans-theoretical model (stages of change)
1) pre-contemplation
2) contemplation
3) preparation
4) action
5) maintenance
relapse
1) pre-contemplation
what are the 4 principles of motivational interviewing
express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, support self-efficacy
what are the 4 processes of motivational interviewing
- engaging -> to build alliance/therapeutic relationship
- focusing -> developing shared idea about main focus of discussion
- evoking -> bringing out their arguments for change/hopes/goals
- planning for change
define internal locus of control
those who believe they’re responsible for their successes and failures in their lives -> believe they’re in control of events they experience
define external locus of control
those who believe factors like luck/chance/divine intervention are implicated in their lives -> believe they have little to no control over course of their lives
what are the 5 components of stigma
labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, discrimination
what other alternative forms of therapy exist
art therapy, dance movement therapy, music therapy, reminiscence therapy
what are the 4 aspects of therapeutic play in children
social relationships, personal strengths, emotional wellbeing and communication
define ‘behaviours of concern’
culturally abnormal behaviour of such intensity/frequency/duration that physical safety of person/others is placed in serious jeopardy or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit/deny access to use of ordinary community facilities
is positive behaviour support ethical and why
yes -> incorporates the 4 important ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice
what is the ABC approach to assessing behaviour?
A -> antecedents -> triggers, what was happening prior to behaviour
B -> behaviour -> what is the behaviour, how long does it last, how severe is it
C -> consequences -> what is the outcome of this behaviour
