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drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the uses of NSAID drugs

A

Relieve pain, reduce inflammation, bring down high temperature

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2
Q

name some NSAID drugs

A

aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen

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3
Q

describe the mechanism of action of NSAID’s

A

injury/irritation → arachidonic acid released → COX catalyse oxygenation of AA to create prostaglandins and thromboxane → NSAID administered → pain and inflammation decrease as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibited

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4
Q

what are the adverse effects of NSAID’s

A

Haemorrhage, indigestion/constipation , stomach ulcers, headache, laboured breathing/asthma, allergic reactions, anemia

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5
Q

what are the contra-indications of NSAID’s

A

active gasto bleeding /ulceration/haemorrhage, severe heart failure, active bleeding (especially intracranial or gastro-intestinal) and thrombocytopenia

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6
Q

what is paracetamol used for

A

Mild to moderate pain and lowering fever

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7
Q

what is paracetamols mechanism of action

A

Blocks COX enzymes indirectly to suppress production of prostaglandins

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8
Q

what is paracetamols adverse effects

A

Thrombocytopenia, anorectal erythema, hypotension, neutropenia, angioedema, liver injury, allergic reactions, tachycardia, agranulocytosis

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9
Q

what is paracetamols contra-indications

A

Liver/kidney issues, regularly drink >14 units a week

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10
Q

how does paracetamol and NSAID’s differ in treating a fever

A
  • paracetamol doesn’t inhibit cyclooxygenase in peripheral tissues so, has no peripheral anti-inflammatory effects
  • antipyretic actions of paracetamol attributed to direct action on heat-regulating centres in brain, resulting in peripheral vasodilation, sweating, and loss of body heat
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11
Q

what are opioids used for

A

mostly pain BUT also cough/breathlessness, myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary oedema, diarrhoea

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12
Q

what is the mechanism of action of opioids

A

act as agonists on opioid receptors -> activation of the reward pathway in brain is mediated by agonism of the delta-opioid receptor in the nucleus accumbens,2 while modification of the respiratory system and addiction disorder are mediated by agonism of the mu-opioid receptor

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13
Q

what are opioids adverse effects

A

Sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, dependency and tolerance, respiratory depression

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14
Q

what are opioids contra-indications

A

Acute respiratory depression, comatose patients, head injury (opioid analgesics interfere with pupillary responses vital for neurological assessment), raised intracranial pressure (opioid analgesics interfere with pupillary responses vital for neurological assessment), risk of paralytic ileus

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15
Q

what are antibiotics used for

A

treat and prevent some types of bacterial infections

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16
Q

what is the mechanism of action for antibiotics

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis, depolarize the cell membrane, inhibit protein synthesis, inhibit nuclei acid synthesis, and inhibit metabolic pathways in bacteria

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17
Q

what are antibiotics adverse effects

A

Vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, bloating/indigestion, abdominal pain, loss of appetite

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18
Q

what are antibiotics contra-indications

A

hypersensitivity to penicillin/cephalosporins/components, bleeding disorders, renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal disease

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19
Q

what are antivirals used for

A

treat viral infections

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20
Q

what is the mechanism of action of antivirals

A

slow down replication by interfering with viruses replication process within host cells in different ways

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21
Q

what are antivirals adverse effects

A

Headache, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, photosensitivity

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22
Q

what are the contra-indications of antivirals

A

Pregnancy and breastfeeding, renal dysfunction, hepatic impairment

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23
Q

what are antifungals used for

A

to treat fungal infections

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24
Q

what is the mechanism of action of antifungals

A

interference with cell membrane (synthesis inhibition/interference with ergosterol, responsible for preserving cell integrity, viability, function and normal growth) and cell wall (synthesis inhibition of glucans)

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25
what are the adverse effects of antifungals
Allergic reaction, severe skin reaction (peeling/bliserting), liver damage, loss of appetite, vomiting/nausea, jaundice, fatigue
26
what are the contra-indications of antifungals
Hepatic dysfunction, endrocine/dertility problems, pregnancy and lactation, patients taking drugs that can prolong QTc interval
27
name some opiates
codeine, morphine
28
name some antibiotics
amoxicillin, trimethoprim, cefuroxime, gentamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin
29
name an antiviral
aciclovir
30
name some antifunals
nystatin, flaconazole
31
what is the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Help relax veins and arteries and lower blood pressure
32
name some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
ramipril, captopril
33
what is the mechanism of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Prevent enzyme in body from making angiotensin 2, substance that narrows blood vessels
34
what are the adverse effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
First-dose hypotension, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia (high potassium in blood), cough, angioedema, hepatoxicity, skin rashes
35
what are the contra-indications of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
history of angioedema, diabetes mellitus, pregnant women/breastfeeding/planning to become pregnant
36
what are beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers) used for
To treat hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias
37
name an beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers)
atenolol
38
what is the mechanism of action for beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers)
Block effects of epinephrine, widening veins and arteries and making heart beat slower
39
what are the adverse effects of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers)
Bradycardia. Dizziness, depression, memory loss, insomnia, impotence, cold peripheries, hypotension, acute bronchospasm
40
what are the contra-indications of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers)
Peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes, COPD, asthma
41
what are diuretics used for
Help reduce fluid buildup in the body
42
name some diuretics
bendroflumethiazide, frusemide, amiloride
43
what is the mechanism of action of diuretics
Diminish sodium reabsorption at different sites in nephron, increasing urinary sodium and water losses
44
what are the adverse effects of diuretics
Impotence, skin rashes, nausea, dizziness, lethargy
45
what are the contra-indications of diuretics
Hyopkalemia (administer once corrected), severe hyponatremia, hypotension, azotemia, hepatic coma
46
what are statins used for
Reduce level of cholesterol in blood, protect inside of arteries
47
name a statin
simvastatin
48
what is the mechanism of action of statins
Inhibit HMG- CoA reductase, rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway
49
what are the adverse effects of statins
Muscle pain/damage, liver damage, increases blood sugar/T2 diabetes, digestive issues, fatigue
50
what are the contra-indicators of statins
Hypersensitivity to medication, pregnancy and lactation, acute liver failure/cirrhosis, aged 70+
51
what is insulin used for
Helps body use glucose for energy, decreasing blood sugar level in diabetes
52
what is the mechanism of action for insulin
- inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver - glucose transporter proteins on fat/storage/adipose cells are insulin-sensitive so Insulin binds to specific receptors on the membranes, stimulating them to activate glucose transporter proteins to cell surface membrane, increasing permeability of cells to glucose
53
what are insulins adverse effects
Hypoglycaemia, weight gain, electrolyte disturbances eg hypokalemia
54
what are insulins contra-indications
Allergies
55
what is metformin used for
Treats/prevents type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes if at high risk
56
what is the mechanism of action for metformin
Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
57
what are the adverse effects of metformin
Metformin (hydrochloride) toxicity, lactic acidosis, decreased renal function, hypoglycaemia
58
what are the contra-indications of metformin
Renal dysfunction, congestive cardiac failure needing drug failure, hypersensitivity, acute/chronic metabolic acidosis, impaired hepatic function
59
what are mood stabilisers used for
Treat bipolar/disorder with mood swings
60
name some mood stabilisers
lithium carbonate, seroquel
61
what is the mechanism of action of mood stabilisers
Via GABA neurotransmitter, suppress electrical activity and modulate enzyme/ion/intracellular activity involved in synaptic plasticity
62
what are the adverse effects of mood stabilisers
Blurred vision, tiredness, vomiting/diarrhoea, impaired memory, difficulty concentrating, sleep difficulties, weight gain
63
what are the contra-indications of mood stabilisers
Severe liver damage, bone marrow disorder/blood cell disorder, renal failure, untreated hypothyroidism, cardiovascular insufficiency
64
what are antidepressants used for
To treat clinical depression, OCD, and anxiety
65
name some antidepressants
sertraline, amitriptyline
66
what is the mechanism of action of antidepressants
Increase serotonin by blocking serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake in synapse, increasing postsynaptic receptors stimulation
67
what are the adverse effects of antidepressants
Sleep issues, weight gain, dry mouth/nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, headaches, joint/muscle pain
68
what are the contra-indications of antidepressants
Bipolar/manic phase, bleeding disorders, T1/T2 diabetes
69
what are anxiolytics used for
treat anxiety
70
name a anxiolytic
lorazepam
71
what is the mechanism of action of anxiolytics
Increase amount of circulating neurotransmitters dopamine, GABA and serotonin
72
what are the adverse effects of anxiolytics
Drowsiness, confusion, nausea, headaches, blurred vision, conspitaion/diarrhoea
73
what are the contra-indications of anxiolytics
Pregnancy and lactating women
74
what are antipsychotics used for
Treat schizophrenia/people with psychosis that occurs in bipolar, depression and alzhemiers
75
name a antipsychotic
chloropromazine
76
what is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics
Inhibit dopaminergic neurotransmission, lowering amount of dopamine available
77
what are the adverse effects of antipsychotics
Mild sedation, dry mouth, constipation, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, movement issues eg tremor, agitation
78
what are the contra-indications of antipsychotics
Allergies, use of central nervous system depressants eg benzodiazepines/opioids, cardiovascular disease, predisposed epilepsy, diabetes
79
what are corticosteroids used for
Treat rheumatoid arthritis, IBD, asthma, allergies etc
80
name some corticosteroids
beclometasone inhaler, prednisolone
81
what is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids
Bind to glucocorticoid receptors, mediating changes in gene expression causing decreased vasodilation, permeability of capillaries, increased leukocyte in blood and migration to sites of inflammation
82
what are the adverse effects of corticosteroids
Osteoporosis, fractures, diabetes, hyperglycaemia, glaucoma, cataracts, psychiatric disturbances, immunosuppression
83
what are the contra-indications of corticosteroids
84
what are beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists used for
Management/treatment of bronchial asthma and COPD
85
name a beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist
salbutamol
86
what is the mechanism of action for beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists
Relax airways smooth muscle by stimulating beta 2 adrenergic receptors, increasing cAMP and antagonizes mechanisms of bronchoconstriction
87
what are the adverse effects of beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists
Skeletal muscle tremor, tachycardia/palpitations, metabolic effects, headaches
88
what are the contra-indications of beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists
Cardiovascular disease (including hypertension), hypersensitivity, diabetes glaucoma, hypokalaemia, seizures
89
what are bronchodilators used for
Help control symptoms of lung diseases eg asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD
90
what is the mechanism of action of bronchodilators
Acts as acetylcholine antagonist by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors, increasing bronchodilation parasympathetically
91
what are the adverse effects of bronchodilators
Bronchitis, nausea, dry mouth, shortness of breath, bladder pain/bloody/cloudy urine, lower back/side pain
92
what are the contra-indications of bronchodilators
Sensitivity, glaucoma, urinary problems or prostate condition
93
what is levodopa used for
Dopamine replacement for treatment of parkinsons, controls bradykinetic symptoms in parkinsons
94
what is the mechanism of action for levodopa
Crosses blood-brain barrier where its converted to dopamine by decarboxylation in presynaptic terminals of dopaminergic neurones
95
what are the adverse effects for levodopa
Allergic reaction, nausea/vomiting, hypotension, loss of appetite, anxiety/depression, hallucinations, sleep problems
96
what are the contra-indications of levodopa
Pre-existing neuropathy, risk of GI bleeds for peptic ulcer disease, other medications
97
what is sodium valporate used for
Treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, prevents migraines
98
what is the mechanism of action of sodium valporate
Increases amount of GABA neurotransmitters in brain by blocking sodium channels in neurones
99
what are the adverse effects of sodium valporate
Sedation, vomiting, nausea, weight gain, hepatoxicity, pancreatitis
100
what are the contra-indications of sodium valporate
Hepatic impairment, hypersensitivity, urea cycle disorders, mitochondrial disorders, pregnancy migraine prophylaxis
101
what is phenytoin used for
Treats epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia
102
what is the mechanism of action of phenytoin
Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in neurones, stabilizing state of sodium channel and prolonging neuronal refractory period, decreasing amount of neural activity
103
what are the adverse effects of phenytoin
Headaches, drowsiness/fatigue/dizziness, shaky, nausea/vomiting, constipation, sore/swollen gums
104
what are the contra-indications of phenytoin
Sensitivity, pregnancy, liver dysfunction
105
name a bronchodilator
ipratropium bromide

therapeutic interventions (3 decks)

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