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drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the uses of NSAID drugs

A

Relieve pain, reduce inflammation, bring down high temperature

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2
Q

name some NSAID drugs

A

aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen

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3
Q

describe the mechanism of action of NSAID’s

A

injury/irritation → arachidonic acid released → COX catalyse oxygenation of AA to create prostaglandins and thromboxane → NSAID administered → pain and inflammation decrease as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibited

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4
Q

what are the adverse effects of NSAID’s

A

Haemorrhage, indigestion/constipation , stomach ulcers, headache, laboured breathing/asthma, allergic reactions, anemia

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5
Q

what are the contra-indications of NSAID’s

A

active gasto bleeding /ulceration/haemorrhage, severe heart failure, active bleeding (especially intracranial or gastro-intestinal) and thrombocytopenia

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6
Q

what is paracetamol used for

A

Mild to moderate pain and lowering fever

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7
Q

what is paracetamols mechanism of action

A

Blocks COX enzymes indirectly to suppress production of prostaglandins

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8
Q

what is paracetamols adverse effects

A

Thrombocytopenia, anorectal erythema, hypotension, neutropenia, angioedema, liver injury, allergic reactions, tachycardia, agranulocytosis

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9
Q

what is paracetamols contra-indications

A

Liver/kidney issues, regularly drink >14 units a week

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10
Q

how does paracetamol and NSAID’s differ in treating a fever

A
  • paracetamol doesn’t inhibit cyclooxygenase in peripheral tissues so, has no peripheral anti-inflammatory effects
  • antipyretic actions of paracetamol attributed to direct action on heat-regulating centres in brain, resulting in peripheral vasodilation, sweating, and loss of body heat
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11
Q

what are opioids used for

A

mostly pain BUT also cough/breathlessness, myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary oedema, diarrhoea

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12
Q

what is the mechanism of action of opioids

A

act as agonists on opioid receptors -> activation of the reward pathway in brain is mediated by agonism of the delta-opioid receptor in the nucleus accumbens,2 while modification of the respiratory system and addiction disorder are mediated by agonism of the mu-opioid receptor

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13
Q

what are opioids adverse effects

A

Sedation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, dependency and tolerance, respiratory depression

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14
Q

what are opioids contra-indications

A

Acute respiratory depression, comatose patients, head injury (opioid analgesics interfere with pupillary responses vital for neurological assessment), raised intracranial pressure (opioid analgesics interfere with pupillary responses vital for neurological assessment), risk of paralytic ileus

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15
Q

what are antibiotics used for

A

treat and prevent some types of bacterial infections

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16
Q

what is the mechanism of action for antibiotics

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis, depolarize the cell membrane, inhibit protein synthesis, inhibit nuclei acid synthesis, and inhibit metabolic pathways in bacteria

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17
Q

what are antibiotics adverse effects

A

Vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, bloating/indigestion, abdominal pain, loss of appetite

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18
Q

what are antibiotics contra-indications

A

hypersensitivity to penicillin/cephalosporins/components, bleeding disorders, renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal disease

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19
Q

what are antivirals used for

A

treat viral infections

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20
Q

what is the mechanism of action of antivirals

A

slow down replication by interfering with viruses replication process within host cells in different ways

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21
Q

what are antivirals adverse effects

A

Headache, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, photosensitivity

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22
Q

what are the contra-indications of antivirals

A

Pregnancy and breastfeeding, renal dysfunction, hepatic impairment

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23
Q

what are antifungals used for

A

to treat fungal infections

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24
Q

what is the mechanism of action of antifungals

A

interference with cell membrane (synthesis inhibition/interference with ergosterol, responsible for preserving cell integrity, viability, function and normal growth) and cell wall (synthesis inhibition of glucans)

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25
Q

what are the adverse effects of antifungals

A

Allergic reaction, severe skin reaction (peeling/bliserting), liver damage, loss of appetite, vomiting/nausea, jaundice, fatigue

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26
Q

what are the contra-indications of antifungals

A

Hepatic dysfunction, endrocine/dertility problems, pregnancy and lactation, patients taking drugs that can prolong QTc interval

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27
Q

name some opiates

A

codeine, morphine

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28
Q

name some antibiotics

A

amoxicillin, trimethoprim, cefuroxime, gentamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin

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29
Q

name an antiviral

A

aciclovir

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30
Q

name some antifunals

A

nystatin, flaconazole

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31
Q

what is the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

Help relax veins and arteries and lower blood pressure

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32
Q

name some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

ramipril, captopril

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33
Q

what is the mechanism of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

Prevent enzyme in body from making angiotensin 2, substance that narrows blood vessels

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34
Q

what are the adverse effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

First-dose hypotension, renal dysfunction, hyperkalemia (high potassium in blood), cough, angioedema, hepatoxicity, skin rashes

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35
Q

what are the contra-indications of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

history of angioedema, diabetes mellitus, pregnant women/breastfeeding/planning to become pregnant

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36
Q

what are beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers) used for

A

To treat hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias

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37
Q

name an beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers)

A

atenolol

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38
Q

what is the mechanism of action for beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers)

A

Block effects of epinephrine, widening veins and arteries and making heart beat slower

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39
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers)

A

Bradycardia. Dizziness, depression, memory loss, insomnia, impotence, cold peripheries, hypotension, acute bronchospasm

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40
Q

what are the contra-indications of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists (beta blockers)

A

Peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes, COPD, asthma

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41
Q

what are diuretics used for

A

Help reduce fluid buildup in the body

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42
Q

name some diuretics

A

bendroflumethiazide, frusemide, amiloride

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43
Q

what is the mechanism of action of diuretics

A

Diminish sodium reabsorption at different sites in nephron, increasing urinary sodium and water losses

44
Q

what are the adverse effects of diuretics

A

Impotence, skin rashes, nausea, dizziness, lethargy

45
Q

what are the contra-indications of diuretics

A

Hyopkalemia (administer once corrected), severe hyponatremia, hypotension, azotemia, hepatic coma

46
Q

what are statins used for

A

Reduce level of cholesterol in blood, protect inside of arteries

47
Q

name a statin

A

simvastatin

48
Q

what is the mechanism of action of statins

A

Inhibit HMG- CoA reductase, rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway

49
Q

what are the adverse effects of statins

A

Muscle pain/damage, liver damage, increases blood sugar/T2 diabetes, digestive issues, fatigue

50
Q

what are the contra-indicators of statins

A

Hypersensitivity to medication, pregnancy and lactation, acute liver failure/cirrhosis, aged 70+

51
Q

what is insulin used for

A

Helps body use glucose for energy, decreasing blood sugar level in diabetes

52
Q

what is the mechanism of action for insulin

A
  • inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver
  • glucose transporter proteins on fat/storage/adipose cells are insulin-sensitive so Insulin binds to specific receptors on the membranes, stimulating them to activate glucose transporter proteins to cell surface membrane, increasing permeability of cells to glucose
53
Q

what are insulins adverse effects

A

Hypoglycaemia, weight gain, electrolyte disturbances eg hypokalemia

54
Q

what are insulins contra-indications

55
Q

what is metformin used for

A

Treats/prevents type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes if at high risk

56
Q

what is the mechanism of action for metformin

A

Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

57
Q

what are the adverse effects of metformin

A

Metformin (hydrochloride) toxicity, lactic acidosis, decreased renal function, hypoglycaemia

58
Q

what are the contra-indications of metformin

A

Renal dysfunction, congestive cardiac failure needing drug failure, hypersensitivity, acute/chronic metabolic acidosis, impaired hepatic function

59
Q

what are mood stabilisers used for

A

Treat bipolar/disorder with mood swings

60
Q

name some mood stabilisers

A

lithium carbonate, seroquel

61
Q

what is the mechanism of action of mood stabilisers

A

Via GABA neurotransmitter, suppress electrical activity and modulate enzyme/ion/intracellular activity involved in synaptic plasticity

62
Q

what are the adverse effects of mood stabilisers

A

Blurred vision, tiredness, vomiting/diarrhoea, impaired memory, difficulty concentrating, sleep difficulties, weight gain

63
Q

what are the contra-indications of mood stabilisers

A

Severe liver damage, bone marrow disorder/blood cell disorder, renal failure, untreated hypothyroidism, cardiovascular insufficiency

64
Q

what are antidepressants used for

A

To treat clinical depression, OCD, and anxiety

65
Q

name some antidepressants

A

sertraline, amitriptyline

66
Q

what is the mechanism of action of antidepressants

A

Increase serotonin by blocking serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake in synapse, increasing postsynaptic receptors stimulation

67
Q

what are the adverse effects of antidepressants

A

Sleep issues, weight gain, dry mouth/nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, headaches, joint/muscle pain

68
Q

what are the contra-indications of antidepressants

A

Bipolar/manic phase, bleeding disorders, T1/T2 diabetes

69
Q

what are anxiolytics used for

A

treat anxiety

70
Q

name a anxiolytic

71
Q

what is the mechanism of action of anxiolytics

A

Increase amount of circulating neurotransmitters dopamine, GABA and serotonin

72
Q

what are the adverse effects of anxiolytics

A

Drowsiness, confusion, nausea, headaches, blurred vision, conspitaion/diarrhoea

73
Q

what are the contra-indications of anxiolytics

A

Pregnancy and lactating women

74
Q

what are antipsychotics used for

A

Treat schizophrenia/people with psychosis that occurs in bipolar, depression and alzhemiers

75
Q

name a antipsychotic

A

chloropromazine

76
Q

what is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics

A

Inhibit dopaminergic neurotransmission, lowering amount of dopamine available

77
Q

what are the adverse effects of antipsychotics

A

Mild sedation, dry mouth, constipation, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, movement issues eg tremor, agitation

78
Q

what are the contra-indications of antipsychotics

A

Allergies, use of central nervous system depressants eg benzodiazepines/opioids, cardiovascular disease, predisposed epilepsy, diabetes

79
Q

what are corticosteroids used for

A

Treat rheumatoid arthritis, IBD, asthma, allergies etc

80
Q

name some corticosteroids

A

beclometasone inhaler, prednisolone

81
Q

what is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids

A

Bind to glucocorticoid receptors, mediating changes in gene expression causing decreased vasodilation, permeability of capillaries, increased leukocyte in blood and migration to sites of inflammation

82
Q

what are the adverse effects of corticosteroids

A

Osteoporosis, fractures, diabetes, hyperglycaemia, glaucoma, cataracts, psychiatric disturbances, immunosuppression

83
Q

what are the contra-indications of corticosteroids

84
Q

what are beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists used for

A

Management/treatment of bronchial asthma and COPD

85
Q

name a beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist

A

salbutamol

86
Q

what is the mechanism of action for beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists

A

Relax airways smooth muscle by stimulating beta 2 adrenergic receptors, increasing cAMP and antagonizes mechanisms of bronchoconstriction

87
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists

A

Skeletal muscle tremor, tachycardia/palpitations, metabolic effects, headaches

88
Q

what are the contra-indications of beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists

A

Cardiovascular disease (including hypertension), hypersensitivity, diabetes glaucoma, hypokalaemia, seizures

89
Q

what are bronchodilators used for

A

Help control symptoms of lung diseases eg asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD

90
Q

what is the mechanism of action of bronchodilators

A

Acts as acetylcholine antagonist by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors, increasing bronchodilation parasympathetically

91
Q

what are the adverse effects of bronchodilators

A

Bronchitis, nausea, dry mouth, shortness of breath, bladder pain/bloody/cloudy urine, lower back/side pain

92
Q

what are the contra-indications of bronchodilators

A

Sensitivity, glaucoma, urinary problems or prostate condition

93
Q

what is levodopa used for

A

Dopamine replacement for treatment of parkinsons, controls bradykinetic symptoms in parkinsons

94
Q

what is the mechanism of action for levodopa

A

Crosses blood-brain barrier where its converted to dopamine by decarboxylation in presynaptic terminals of dopaminergic neurones

95
Q

what are the adverse effects for levodopa

A

Allergic reaction, nausea/vomiting, hypotension, loss of appetite, anxiety/depression, hallucinations, sleep problems

96
Q

what are the contra-indications of levodopa

A

Pre-existing neuropathy, risk of GI bleeds for peptic ulcer disease, other medications

97
Q

what is sodium valporate used for

A

Treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, prevents migraines

98
Q

what is the mechanism of action of sodium valporate

A

Increases amount of GABA neurotransmitters in brain by blocking sodium channels in neurones

99
Q

what are the adverse effects of sodium valporate

A

Sedation, vomiting, nausea, weight gain, hepatoxicity, pancreatitis

100
Q

what are the contra-indications of sodium valporate

A

Hepatic impairment, hypersensitivity, urea cycle disorders, mitochondrial disorders, pregnancy migraine prophylaxis

101
Q

what is phenytoin used for

A

Treats epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia

102
Q

what is the mechanism of action of phenytoin

A

Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in neurones, stabilizing state of sodium channel and prolonging neuronal refractory period, decreasing amount of neural activity

103
Q

what are the adverse effects of phenytoin

A

Headaches, drowsiness/fatigue/dizziness, shaky, nausea/vomiting, constipation, sore/swollen gums

104
Q

what are the contra-indications of phenytoin

A

Sensitivity, pregnancy, liver dysfunction

105
Q

name a bronchodilator

A

ipratropium bromide

therapeutic interventions (3 decks)

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