The rest of liberalism Flashcards
Why can we conclude that it is the most influential ideology
The UN say that 2/3 of states across the globe can be classed as liberal democracies - a seven fold increase since 1945
How does liberalism have its roots in the reformation
Martin Luther argued that individuals seeking to communicate with God and understand his commands no longer need to rely on priests, popes and intermediaries. With the advent of the printing press and wider literacy, Luther argued Christianity could now assume a more individualistic character, with each man and woman taking on private prayers and undertaking God’s work in their own way. The Enlightenment then looked to extend these ideas to the political and secular sphere
What political event did the start of the enlightenment coincide with
The English Civil War and the overthrow of Charles I
Locke’s ideas seem normal today but how would they have been seen at the time
Revolutionary
What is mechanistic theory
Linked to the writings of Locke, argues that mankind is rational and therefore capable of devising a state that relfects our needs. Counter to the divine right and kings and the idea that we had a religious duty to obey the state
On what grounds do liberals reject the OT notion of human imperfection
Argues we have a huge capacity to bring about progress and greater happiness. They believe this because we are guided by reason and are therefore able to calculate the answers to problems
How do liberals say that human reason manifests itself
In debate, discussion, peaceful arguement and measured examination of ideas and opinions. Rather than meekly accepting whatever life offers on the grounds that it is the will of God or fate - instead we have a capacity to plan for the future and and bring about a preconceived outcome
How do liberals view human problems
As things that can be solved through reason and determination
What do liberals think that reasoned discussion leads to?
Consensus, since rationality is universal across all humans
Explain egotistical individualism
Linked to clasical liberalism, denotes the belief that human beings are naturally drawn to the advancement of their own selfish interests and happiness. They deny this leads to gross insensitivity due to our rationalism
We are naturally drawn to situations where we are independent and in charge of our own destiny. Our rationality stops this leading to selfishness and destructions. We are both egotistical and reasonable, making them sensitive to the perspectives of their fellow man
Define self determination
Control of your own life
Define self realisation
Discovering their true selves and potential
Define self fulfilment
A sense of one’s personal mission being achieved
In which work did Adam Smith outline his theory of free markets
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
What aspect of the liberal state does the Lord Acton quote justify
Fragmented govt
When did classical liberalism occur
Late 17th to late 19th centuries
What two sub categories can classical liberalism be split into
Early classical liberalism and later classical liberalism
List the 4 distinctive features of classical liberalism
Revolutionary potential
Negative liberty
Minimal state
Laissez faire capitalism
Define laissez faire capitalism
Influenced by negative liberty, an economic system that allows private enterprise and capitalism to operate with little to no state interference
Give some examples of revolutions that Locke’s ideas are associated with
The 1688 Glorious Revolution
American revolution from 1775 onwards
How did Wollstonecraft say that 18th century English society saw women
As emotional creatures suited to marriage and motherhood but little else
Give some examples of early classical liberals
Locke
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Explain the idea of negative liberty
The notion that freedom involves individuals being left alone to pursue their destiny. Any attempt to interefere with individual actions can therefore be seen as an infringement upon liberty. People are assumed to be free to do something unless someone puts a brake on their actions. The idea had implications for classical liberal notions of economics and the size and role of the state
Explain the idea of a minimal state
Reflects negative liberty by minimising state actions - for instance, legislation and taxing as little as possible, confining its influence to areas like defence and the protection of private property
Give some quotes from Thomas Jefferson supporting the idea of a minimal state
‘The govt that is best is that which governs least’
‘When govt grows, our liberty withers’
How does fragmented govt support a minimal state
Because a state containing lots of checks and balances would be one where bold state action was difficult and therefore infrequent
How did Smith support laissez faire capitalism in the wealth of nations (1776)
Said that capitalism and the invisible hand of the market had an endless capacity to enrich people and society. The wealth acquired by individuals would trickle down to the rest of society - just as long as the state took a laissez faire approach to the workings of the market
What did Smith advocate for the govt to end on the basis of his faith in laissez faire
Tariffs and duties, which had protected domestic producers and inhibited the spread of free trade between nations and their commercial classes
When did later classical liberalism occur
early to mid 19th century
How was society in 1800 different to the one Locke lived in
They had become more industrialised and the population had undergone urbanisation, individuals had a growing sense of class consciousness and as a result there was a growing interest in concepts like democracy and socialism
List 4 later classical liberals
Jeremy Bentham
Samuel Smiles
Herbert Spencer
JS Mill (most important)
Describe Bentham’s contribution to later classical liberalism
Developed a supposedly scientific alternative to natural rights theory based on the idea that we all work to maximise utility be maximising pleasure and minimising pain. Bentham acknowledged that in an industrialised society this could produce more clashes between individuals than early classical liberals had envisaged. He therefore suggested that the liberal state needed to be more proactive, using the hedonic calculus to inform legislation and policy. Provided liberalism with one of its earliest justifications for democracy, that govts were more likely to follow the greatest good for the greatest number if they were elected and accountable to the greatest number of votes
Describe Samuel Smiles’ contribution to later classical liberalism
Fearing that individualism was threatened by socialism and its call for more state provision, in Self Help he argued that self reliance was still perfectly feasable for most individuals, including members of the working class. Acknowledged that industrialised society made it harder for people to be self reliant: as an increasing number became faceless employees. Smiles argued that in having to come over greater obstacles, individuals would be challenged more rigorously and in the process we would therefore become more fully developed. Argued that if self help were usurped by state help then humans would remain stunted, their talents unknown, and their liberty squandered’
Describe Herbert Spencer’s contribution to later classical liberalism
Acknowledged the importance of self help and shared Smiles’ contempt for more state intervention. However, in Man Verses the State (1884), Spencer questioned Smiles’ belief that all individuals could rise to the challenge of self help, noting the presence of ‘the feeble, the feckless and the failing’ in Victorian cities. Fearing this feeble minority could justify the extension of state power (which he saw as synonomous with an erosion of the freedom of the majority), Spencer sought to apply the principles of natural selection. In what became known as social darwinism, Spencer restated the classical liberal belief in a minimal state and negative freedom, claiming this would lead to survival of the fittest and the gradual elimination of those unable to enjoy the benefits of individualism. The eventual result would be a society where rational self reliance was the norm and where individual freedom could thrive
What separate strand of liberalism altogether have many suggested Mill represents
Transitional liberalism or developmental individualism
Describe how Mill updates Locke’s case for representative govt into a case for representative democracy
Under this model, the enlarged electorate (which Mill now saw as inevitable despite its risk of tyranny of the majority) would not make decisions for themselves but would elect liberally minded representative to make decisions for them. When making decisions these representative would not simply side with the majority view but would seek to aggregate the various opinions within society so as to produce the broad consent of all. In putting forward this model of democracy, Mill allowed liberals to rebut other forms like direct democracy as being more conducive to a tyranny of the majority.