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BSC2086 > The Respiratory System - Part 2 > Flashcards

The Respiratory System - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define external respiration

A

gas exchange in the lungs

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2
Q

Define internal respiration

A

gas exchange in the rest of the body

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3
Q

What happens during external respiration?

A

oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood and CO2 diffuses from blood into alveoli

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4
Q

What happens during internal respiration?

A

oxygen diffuses from blood into body tissues and CO2 diffuses from body tissues into blood

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5
Q

What happens during quiet respiration?

A

diaphragm contracts which flattens it and increases thoracic volume

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6
Q

What happens during quiet expiration?

A

no muscle contraction, decreases thoracic volume

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7
Q

What happens during forced inspiration?

A

pulls ribs up, uses extenal intercostal muscles

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8
Q

What happens during forced expiration?

A

uses internal intercostal muscles and pulls ribs down

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9
Q

Define atmospheric pressure

A

pressure from the atmosphere (760 mmHg)

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10
Q

Define intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure inside lungs, changes with phases of breathing

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11
Q

What happens when intrapulmonary pressure is slightly higher than atmospheric pressure?

A

air will leave lungs

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12
Q

Define intrapleural pressure

A

pressure between visceral and parietal pleura, always negative making sure these two stay together

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13
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

pressure of gas is inversely proportional to volume

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14
Q

Describe the relationship between intrathoracic volume and intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration

A

volume increases as pressure decreases

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15
Q

Describe the relationship between volume and pressure during expiration

A

volume decreases as pressure increases

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16
Q

Define flow

A

change in pressure divided by resistance

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17
Q

What factors affect pulmonary ventilation?

A

changes in pressure and resistance, lumg compliance, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension

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18
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

amount of air going into lungs when breathing

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19
Q

Describe the relationship between pressure and flow

A

increased pressure = increased flow

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20
Q

Describe the relationship between resistance and flow

A

increased resistance caused decreased flow and vice versa

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21
Q

If the diameter of the bronchioles decreases then…

A

there is a higher resistance to inflow of air

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22
Q

Define lung compliance

A

the ease with which the lungs expand

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23
Q

What are the factors that decrease lung compliance?

A
  1. decreased surfactant
  2. lung disease decreasing elasticity
  3. chest wall deformity preventing lung expansion
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24
Q

Define alveolar surface tension

A

tension created at the alveolar membrane due to water molecules pulling toward each other

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25
Q

Surface tension increases as…

A

alveolar radius decreases (highest at end of expiration)

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26
Q

Describe negative intrapleural pressure and how it works

A

The pneumothorax (pleural space between visceral and parietal pleura) is forced together by negative pressure. If air gets into this space, the lung can collapse.

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27
Q

List the 6 respiratory volumes

A

tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual, total lung capacity, and vital capacity

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28
Q

Define spirometry

A

used to measure respiratory volumes

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29
Q

Define tidal volume

A

volume of air moved in and out of lungs during normal breathing (500 mL)

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30
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be inhaled beyond normal resting tidal inhalation (3200 mL TV)

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31
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be exhaled beyond normal resting tidal exhalation (1200 mL)

32
Q

Define residual volume

A

volume of air left in lungs after maximal expiration (1200 mL)

33
Q

Define lung capacity

A

total amount of air in lungs during max inspiration (6000 mL)

34
Q

Define vital capacity

A

total volume of air that you can control (4800 mL)

35
Q

Define anatomical dead space

A

volume of air that fills the conducting zone and can’t undergo gas exchange

36
Q

Define alveolar dead space

A

volume of air that fills the respiratory zone, but does not undergo gas exchange (this is very bad)

37
Q

Define physiological dead space

A

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

38
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

total pressure of gas mixture is equal to sum of partial pressures of its own individual gases

39
Q

Describe the path of O2 once it leaves the alveoli

A

it goes into the blood and goes through the left atrium, left ventricle and into the tissues of the body

40
Q

Describe the path of CO2 once it is created in the tissues

A

diffuses into the blood and into the right atrium and right ventricle to the lungs and goes into the alveoli. we then exhale the CO2

41
Q

How is CO2 created in the body?

A

Created in the tissues when O2 is used to make ATP that then turns into CO2

42
Q

List the alveolar partial pressure (external resp)

A

PO2=100 mmHg

PCO2=40 mmHg

43
Q

List the blood in pulmonary capillaries partial pressure (external resp)

A

PO2= 40 mmHg

PCO2=45 mmHg

44
Q

Describe the movement of pressure diffusion

A

goes from high to low pressure

45
Q

List the 5 factors that affect gas movement

A
  1. partial pressure gradient
  2. solubility of gases
  3. membrane thickness
  4. surface area
  5. ventilation-perfusion coupling
46
Q

Which is more soluble? CO2 or O2

A

CO2 is 20 times more

47
Q

Define lung perfusion

A

proper blood flow through capillaries to alveolar tissue

48
Q

Name the 3 parts of the respiratory membrane

A
  1. type 1 alveolar cells
  2. shared basement membrane
  3. capillary endothelium
49
Q

Tissue partial pressure is…

A

PO2=40 mmHg

PCO2= 45 mmHg

50
Q

Capillary partial pressure is…

A

PO2=100 mmHg

PCO2=40 mmHg

51
Q

Define the Bohr effect

A

acidity created by CO2 weakens bond between Hb and O2, promotes O2 unloading

52
Q

What does body temp do in relation to O2

A

promotes hemoglobin to release O2

53
Q

What is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

shows what factors determine the rate at which hemoglobin releases oxygen

54
Q

Name the two respiratory control centers

A

medulla oblongata and pons

55
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

tells the diaphragm when to contract and relax

56
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

tells medulla when to tell the diaphragm what to do

57
Q

What are the two groups the medullary rhythmicity center are divided into?

A
  1. Dorsal respiratory group

2. ventral respiratory group

58
Q

Describe dorsal respiratory group

A

aka inspiratory center which contains inspiratory neurons. tells diaphragm to contract at regular intervals

59
Q

Describe ventral respiratory group

A

aka expiratory center which contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. expiratory neurons stimulate internal intercostal muscles for forced expiration

60
Q

What is a normal adult respiratory rate? Child’s?

A

12-18 / 30-60

61
Q

What are the two respiratory centers in the pons?

A
  1. Apneutstic

2. Pneumotaxic

62
Q

What is the function of the apneustic center?

A

promotes inspiration by stimulation of neurons in the medulla

63
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic center?

A

ends inspiration by sending inhibitory impulse to inspiratory center in medulla

64
Q

Name a neural stimuli to the respiratory centers

A

hypothalamic control

65
Q

List the 3 chemical stimuli to the respiratory centers

A

Hypoxia, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis

66
Q

Define hypoxia

A

severe decrease in PO2 which causes chemoreceptors to stimulate respiratory centers and increase ventilation

67
Q

Define respiratory acidosis

A

decreased blood pH which causes increase in respiratory rate (RR) –this can happen from a person breathing too slowly causing more CO2, causing acidity

68
Q

Define respiratory alkalosis

A

increased blood pH causes decrease in RR and happens when breathing too quickly

69
Q

What are the central chemoreceptors in the brainstem sensitive to?

A

pH changes to CSF

70
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies sensitive to?

A

pH changes in blood

71
Q

Define hyperventilation

A

increase in rate and depth of breathing

72
Q

Hypoventilation

A

decrease in rate and depth of breathing

73
Q

Apnea

A

temporary cessation in breathing

74
Q

Define alveolar ventilation

A

exchange of gas between alveoli and external environment which happens during external respiration

75
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation important?

A

determines the amount of oxygen in our blood and CO2 leaving our blood

BSC2086 (6 decks)

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