Metabolism and Nutrition

Question 1

What are the six main classes of nutrients?

Answer 1

water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals

Question 2

What is the main fuel molecule used to make ATP?

Answer 2

Glucose

Question 3

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 3

Help to activate an enzyme to complete chemical reaction

Question 4

Which vitamins are made by/in the body?

Answer 4

Vitamin D (made in skin) and vitamin K (made by bacteria in large intestine)

Question 5

List the water soluble vitamins

Answer 5

C/B

Question 6

List the fat soluble vitamins

Answer 6

A, K, E, D

Question 7

Where are the fat soluble vitamins stored?

Answer 7

in the live and adipose tissue (can overdose)

Question 8

What does vitamin C do?

Answer 8

antioxidant, required to make collagen

Question 9

List the coenzymes

Answer 9

B1, B2, B3

Question 10

What does B6 do?

Answer 10

Formation of hemglobin

Question 11

What does B12 do?

Answer 11

Makes RBCs

Question 12

What does folic acid do?

Answer 12

normal neural tube development in embryo

Question 13

What does vitamin A do?

Answer 13

health of the eye (cornea and conjunctiva)

Question 14

What does vitamin K do?

Answer 14

makes prothrombin to blood clot

Question 15

What does vitamin E do

Answer 15

antioxidant

Question 16

What does vitamin D do?

Answer 16

calcium absorption

Question 17

Difference in vitamin K and D?

Answer 17

vitamin K is for calcium placement and D is for calcium absorption

Question 18

Define metabolism

Answer 18

all biochemical reactions that occur in the body

Question 19

Define anabolism

Answer 19

reactions of building up –consumes energy

Question 20

Define catabolism

Answer 20

reactions of breaking down–produces energy

Question 21

What is another word for carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 21

cellular respiration

Question 22

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 22

breaks down glucose and produces ATP

Question 23

Describe the metabolic pathway of cellular respiration

Answer 23

glycolysis, linkage reaction, Kreb’s cycle, ECT, oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 24

in the cytoplasm

Question 25

What are the substrates and products of glycolysis?

Answer 25

Substrate - glucose | Products - 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 26

What are the substrates and products of linkage reaction?

Answer 26

Substrate - 2 Pyruvate | Products - 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Question 27

What are the substrates and products of the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 27

Substrates- 2 Acetyl CoA | Products - 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 28

What are the substrates and products of the electron transport chain?

Answer 28

Substrates - 10 NADH, 2 FADH, oxygen | Products - 32-34 ATP, 6 H2O

Question 29

Where does the Kreb's cycle take place?

Answer 29

in the matrix of mitochondria

Question 30

Define glycogenesis

Answer 30

glucose storage. excess glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen

Question 31

What does insulin do?

Answer 31

stimulates hepatocytes and skeletal muscles to make glycogen

Question 32

Define glycogenolysis

Answer 32

glucose release. glycogen breakdown--when blood sugar levels decreases, stored glycogen can be turned into glucose to give energy

Question 33

What two factors stimulate glycogenolysis?

Answer 33

glucagon and epinephrine

Question 34

Define Gluconeogensis

Answer 34

formation of glucose from glycerol or glucogenic amino acids (occurs in the liver)

Question 35

How are amino acids made into glucose?

Answer 35

Amino acids go through deamination and are made into pyruvate and then pyruvate is made into glucose

Question 36

What happens during periods of fasting and starvation?

Answer 36

cortisol and glucagon are stimulated. glycogen is depleted and blood sugar levels are very low

Question 37

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Answer 37

in ribosomes

Question 38

Describe difference between essential amino acids and nonessential

Answer 38

essential amino acids must be provided through diet but non-essential are produced in the liver

Question 39

Define deamination

Answer 39

removal of the amine group

Question 40

How is urea created?

Answer 40

amine group turns into ammonia which then turns in urea in the liver and then excreted in urine

Question 41

What does ketogenic enter as?

Answer 41

acetyl CoA

Question 42

What does glucogenic enter as?

Answer 42

pyruvate

Question 43

Define lipogenesis

Answer 43

making fat. liver cells makes tryglycerides from acetyl coa

Question 44

Define lipolysis

Answer 44

burning fat. triglycerides are broken down into 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

Question 45

Define ketogenesis

Answer 45

using fatty acids to make ATP

Question 46

How will the body make ATP if glucose levels are low?

Answer 46

by using fatty acids which turn into acetyl coa which enter the kreb's cycle

Question 47

How do ketones happen?

Answer 47

if body makes more acetyl coa than required to make the ATP needed

Question 48

Define ketosis

Answer 48

increased concentration of ketones in the blood

Question 49

Define ketoacidosis

Answer 49

dangerously high levels of ketones

Question 50

What makes lipids water soluble?

Answer 50

lipoproteins--coating

Question 51

List lipoproteins from lowest density to highest

Answer 51

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

Question 52

What is the bad cholesterol?

Answer 52

LDL

Question 53

What is the good cholesterol?

Answer 53

HDL

Question 54

List the functions of the liver

Answer 54

carb metabolism, fat metabolism, protein metabolism, vitamin metabolism

Question 55

What do pancreatic cells release during the absorptive state?

Answer 55

insulin to promote entry of glucose into cells

Question 56

What is basal metabolic rate?

Answer 56

rate at which a person uses energy at rest during a day --energy required to sustain life

Question 57

List the three factors of body regulation

Answer 57

BMR, exercise, and sympathetic stimulation

Question 58

What controls body temp?

Answer 58

hypothalamus

Question 59

What hormones are released when body temp declined/

Answer 59

epinephrine and norepinephrine