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1 - P.E - Applied Anatomy And Physiology❌ > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

It’s the taking in of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What does respiration include?

A 
Ventilation 
External respiration 
Transport of gases 
Internal respiration 
Cellular respiration
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3
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Getting air into and out of the lungs

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4
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood.

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5
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries and the body cells

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6
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose

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7
Q

What is air?

A

A mixture of gases

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8
Q

What’s the pathway of air?

A

Through the nose = passes thought the pharynx = onto the larynx (voice box) = down the trachea (windpipe) = the right and left bronchus = air moves through each bronchus = they subdivide into secondary bronchi = progressively thinner and branch into bronchioles = respiratory bronchioles = alveoli.

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9
Q

What are the alveoli responsible for?

A

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood, which occurs via diffusion

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10
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure.

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11
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air.

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12
Q

How is the structure of the alveoli designed to help gaseous exchange?

A

Their walls are very thin (only 1 cell thick) which means there is a short diffusion pathway.

An extensive capillary network surrounds the alveoli so they have an excellent blood supply.

They have a huge surface area because there are millions of alveoli in each lung, which allows for a greater uptake of oxygen.

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13
Q

What happens if there is a greater difference in pressure?

A

The air will flow faster

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14
Q

What does the pressure difference have to be during inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration - pressure needs to be lower here than in the atmosphere.

Expiration - air pressure needs to be higher in the lungs than the atmosphere.

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15
Q

What muscles are used during inspiration at rest?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

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16
Q

What muscles are used during inspiration during exercise?

A 
Diaphragm 
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid 
Scalenes
Pectoralis major
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17
Q

What muscles are used during expiration at rest?

A

Passive: diaphragm and external intercostals just relax

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18
Q

What muscles are used during expiration during exercise?

A

Internal intercostals

Abdominals

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19
Q

What happens when you increase of decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity (chest cavity)?

A

Increase - reduce pressure of air in the lungs

Decrease - increase the pressure of air in the lungs, forcing the air out

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20
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

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21
Q

What happens to tidal volume during exercise?

A

It increases

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22
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

The volume of air inspired and expired per minute

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23
Q

What happens to minute ventilation during exercise?

A

Big increase

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24
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

A

Number of breaths (per min) X tidal volume = minute ventilation (l/min)

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25
Q

What happens to IRV during exercise?

A

It decreases

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26
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

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27
Q

What happens to ERV during exercise?

A

Slightly decrease

28
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

29
Q

Why does some air remain in the lungs after expiration?

A

There will still be some air in the alveoli, bronchi and trachea as these are held open permanently by rings of cartilage

30
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

A device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

31
Q

What happens to residual volume during exercise?

A

Remains the same

32
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath.

33
Q

How does a spirometer work?

A

An individual breathes in and out of a sealed chamber through a mouthpiece.

This makes the chamber inflate and deflate and as this happens, a pen recorder traces the breathing movements onto a chart.

The machine is calibrated so that breathing volumes can be calculated.

34
Q

How does minute ventilation vary with physical activity?

A

Light - low
Moderate - medium
Heavy - high

35
Q

What is gaseous exchange concerned with?

A

Getting oxygen in air into the lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells of the body.

The removal of carbon dioxide from the blood.

36
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases.

37
Q

What is the concentration/diffusion gradient?

A

Often referred to as the concentration gradient.

It explains how gases flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration.

The steeper this gradient is, the faster diffusion occurs.

38
Q

What’s the partial pressure like in the alveoli?

A

The pO2 in the alveoli (100 mmHg) is higher than the pO2 of oxygen in the capillary blood vessels (40 mmHg).

39
Q

Why is the partial pressure of oxygen higher in the alveoli, than in the capillaries?

A

Because oxygen has been removed by the working muscles so its concentration in the blood is lower, and therefore so is its partial pressure.

40
Q

What’s the diffusion pathway of oxygen?

A

Alveoli = blood = muscles

41
Q

What’s the diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide?

A

Muscles = blood = vessels

42
Q

How does the partial pressure of carbon dioxide work?

A

CO2 in the blood entering the alveolar capillaries is high (45 mmHg) than in the alveoli (40 mmHg) so carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli from blood until the pressure is equal in both.

43
Q

How does gaseous exchange work in the muscles?

A

The pp of oxygen has to be lower at the tissues than in the blood for diffusion to occur.

In the capillary membranes surrounding the muscle the pp of oxygen is 40mmHg and it is 100mmHg in the blood.

This lower pp allows oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the muscle until equilibrium is reached.

Pp of carbon dioxide in the blood (40mmHg) is lower than in the tissues (46mmHg) so again, diffusion occurs and CO2 moves into the blood to be transported to the lungs.

44
Q

What are the 3 factors involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise?

A

Neural control
Chemical control
Hormonal control

45
Q

What does neural control involve?

A

The brain and NS

46
Q

What is chemical control?

A

Concerned with blood acidity

47
Q

Why do neural and chemical control work together?

A

To regulate breathing

48
Q

How does chemical control and neural control work? - simple

A

When blood acidity is high, the brain is informed and it sends impulses through the nervous system to increase breathing.

49
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing

The nervous systems controls this automatically through two systems - sympathetic and parasympathetic.

50
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Prepares your body for exercise so it will increase breathing rate

51
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Lowers the breathing rate

52
Q

What is the respiratory control centre?

A

It’s located in the medulla oblongata of the brain and it controls the rate and depth of breathing and uses both chemical and neural control.

53
Q

What are the two areas of the respiratory centre?

A

The inspiratory centre - responsible for inspiration and expiration.

The expiration centre - stimulates the expiratory muscles during exercise.

55
Q

What other factors affect neural control of breathing?

A

Mechanical factors
Baroreceptors
Stretch receptors

56
Q

How do mechanical factors affect neural control of breathing?

A

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors located in the joints and muscles that provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise.

57
Q

How do baroreceptors affect neural control of breathing?

A

A decrease in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries results in an increase in breathing rate

58
Q

How do stretch receptors affect neural control of breathing?

A

During exercise the lungs are also stretched more.

Stretch receptors prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and then down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles so that expiration occurs.

59
Q

What’s the order of neural/chemical control for inspiration?

A

Receptors = medulla = phrenic nerve = diaphragm and external intercostals

60
Q

What’s the order of neural/chemical control for expiration?

A

Receptors = medulla = intercostal nerve = abdominals and internal intercostals.

61
Q

How does smoking affect the respiratory system?

A

It can cause irritation of the trachea and bronchi.
It reduces lung function
Increases breathlessness caused by the swelling and narrowing of the lungs airways.
Damages the alveoli
Damages the cells lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles (cilia) = cough
Affect oxygen transport

62
Q

How does chemical and neural control work to regulate pulmonary ventilation?

A

An increased concentration of CO2 in the blood stimulates the respiratory centre to increase respiratory rate.

The inspiratory centre sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles to cause them to contract.

The stimulation acts for approximately two seconds and then the impulse stop and passive expiration occurs due to the elastic recoil of the lungs.

During exercise, the blood acidity increases as a result of an increase in the plasma concentration of CO2 and an increase in lactic acid production.

These changes are detected by chemoreceptors, which are found in the carotid artery and aortic arch and they send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until the blood acidity has returned to normal.

To achieve this, the respiratory centre sends impulses down the phrenic nerve to stimulate more inspiratory muscles.

As a result, the rate, and depth and rhythm of breathing increase.

78
Q

What are cilia?

A

Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.

79
Q

What happens when cilia are damaged?

A

Excess mucus builds up in the lung passages, which leads to a smoker’s cough to try to get rid of the mucus.

80
Q

What is COPD?

A

A chronic and debilitating disease and is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema.

The main cause of it is smoking.

It is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.

82
Q

How does smoking affect oxygen transport?

A

The carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells much more readily than oxygen.

This reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which increases breathlessness during exercise.

83
Q

How can smoking damage the alveoli?

A

Their walls break down and join together forming larger air spaces than normal.
This reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange, which also increases the risk of COPD.

1 - P.E - Applied Anatomy And Physiology❌ (4 decks)

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