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BS - Respiratory System > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Gaseous exchange

2. also involved in speech and smell

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2
Q

How is the respiratory system divided functionally?

A

Divided into the conducting portion and the respiratory portion

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3
Q

What is the conducting portion and what structures does it consist of?

A

Tube structure that carries air from the atmosphere into the lungs

Consists of nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

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4
Q

What is the function of the conducting portion?

A

It transports and conditions air

It conditions air by warming, moistening and filtering it

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5
Q

Why is conditioned air important?

A

Unconditioned air leads to less efficient gas exchange and increased effort

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6
Q

Why is air moistened?

A

To ensure it doesn’t damage the delicate alveolar membranes

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7
Q

Why is air filtered?

A

To eradicate any pathogens

If pathogens reach the respiratory portion, an immune response occurs which often leads to fluid build-up and pneumonia

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8
Q

Where does the conducting portion start and terminate?

A

It leads from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchi in the thorax

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9
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air-filled spaces that help with the conditioning of air

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10
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. frontal sinuses
  2. maxillary sinuses
  3. ethmoidal air cells
  4. sphenoidal sinus
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11
Q

What is sinus pain caused by?

A

Sinus pain is due to the production of mucous

Pathogens entering the paranasal sinuses lead to the production of mucous

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12
Q

What are nasal conchae?

A

They are undulations within the upper nasal cavity

There is a superior, middle and inferior concha

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13
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

A

They increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, providing rapid warming and moistening of the air as it passes to the lungs

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14
Q

What is a nasal meatus?

A

It is the space underneath the corresponding nasal concha

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15
Q

What is the function of the nasal meatuses?

A

As air is inspired through the meatuses, it creates a turbulent flow of air

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16
Q

Where is mucosa found in the nasal cavity and what is its role?

A

Meatuses and conchae are covered in mucosa which warms and moistens the air

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17
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A membrane-lined cavity that connects the nose and mouth to the oesophagus

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18
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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19
Q

How does the pharynx differ from the larynx?

A

The pharynx is continuous with the oesophagus whilst air will enter the larynx

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20
Q

What is the role of the larynx?

A

Involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea from food aspiration

It manipulates pitch and volume

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21
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis?

A

Helps to direct food into the pharynx and oesophagus so that it doesn’t enter the larynx

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22
Q

What is the middle section of the thoracic cavity called and what is found there?

A

mediastinum

the heart and trachea are found there

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23
Q

What are the 2 lateral sections of the thoracic cavity called and what is found there?

A

pulmonary cavities

the lungs are found here and the trachea splits into primary bronchi

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24
Q

what is the internal thoracic artery and what does it supply?

A

it is the large blood vessel in the midline

it supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts

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25
Q

what is the costal margin?

A

the lower edge of the chest formed from the bottom edge of the rib cage (7th - 10th rib)

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26
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

A small cartilaginous process of the lower part of the sternum which leads to the costal margins

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27
Q

What is the difference between the right and left lung?

A

the right lung has 3 lobes but the left lung only has 2 lobes

the left lung cannot develop a third love as the heart is on the left side

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28
Q

Where is the oblique fissure found?

A

It is present on both lungs and separates the superior and inferior lobes

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29
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure found?

A

It is only present on the right lung and separates the superior and middle lobes

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30
Q

Why are the lungs different in size?

A

Due to the structures that surround them

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31
Q

How is the right lung different in size to the left lung?

A

The right lung is shorter, broader and larger as the dome of the diaphragm is slightly higher on the right hand side

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32
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the lungs?

A

It has a dome shape due to the underlying diaphragm

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33
Q

What is the apex of the lung?

A

The rounded part at the top of the lungs which extends into the root of the neck

34
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

a large triangular depression on the mediastinal surface of the lung

it is the part of the lung where openings and structures are found

35
Q

What happens concerning the pleura at the hilum of the lung?

A

it is where the connection between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura is made

36
Q

Where are structures within the hilum located?

A

The bronchi are at the back

The arteries are above

The veins are at the bottom

37
Q

What structures make up the hilum?

A

the right and left primary bronchi, pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins

38
Q

what is the root of the lung?

A

it consists of structures entering and leaving the lung at the hilum

39
Q

describe the divisions of the bronchi in the conducting portion?

A

trachea bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchi

primary bronchi divide into lobular bronchi

lobular bronchi divide into segmental bronchi

segmental bronchi divide into terminal bronchioles

terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles

40
Q

What is the benefit of the lungs having a segmentalised structure?

A

If there is a problem with one segment of the lung, it can be removed without affecting the function of the rest of the lung

41
Q

What occurs in the respiratory portion?

A

Gas exchange

42
Q

What structures make up the respiratory portion?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli

43
Q

Does gas exchange occur at the respiratory bronchioles?

A

They may have one or two alveolar sacs attached so a very small amount of gas exchange can take place

44
Q

How is the respiratory system divided anatomically?

A

Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract which are separated by the larynx

45
Q

What structures are part of the URT and LRT?

A

URT - from the nasal cavity to the larynx

LRT - from the trachea to the bronchi and lungs

46
Q

Why are anatomic divisions of the RT important?

A

For classifying respiratory tract infections

URT infection - common cold

LRT infection - could be pneumonia

47
Q

What are the 2 functions of the thoracic cage?

A

Protection and respiratory movements

48
Q

How does the thoracic cage provide protection?

A

It forms a bony cage around vital organs

49
Q

How to ribs articulate?

A

They articulate posteriorly to the vertebra

They loop around in a C-shape and attach to the sternum via costal cartilages

50
Q

What are vertebrae?

A

Each of a series of small bones forming the backbone

They have several projections for articulation and muscle attachment

51
Q

What is the sternum?

A

A long flat bone located in the central part of the chest

52
Q

What is the function of the sternum?

A

It connects the ribs via costal cartilages

It forms the front of the rib cage to help protect the heart, lungs and major blood vessels from injury

53
Q

How is the sternum divided?

A

Manubrium, body of the sternum, xiphoid process

54
Q

Where is the sternal angle?

A

Between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, there is a slight angle change

55
Q

How is the sternal angle used clinically?

A

Lateral to the sternal angle is the 2nd rib

Count down to the 5th intercostal space and this is where the stethoscope is placed

56
Q

What are true ribs?

A

The first 7 pairs of ribs

They connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilage

57
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs 8, 9 and 10

They connect to the costal cartilage of the rib above

58
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

They do not attach to the sternum or costal cartilages

59
Q

What are the thoracic inlet and thoracic outlet?

A

Thoracic inlet is an opening at the top of the thoracic cavity

Thoracic outlet is an opening at the base

60
Q

What is breathing (external respiration)?

A

The mechanism in which fresh atmospheric air passes into the alveoli and stale air leaves the alveoli

61
Q

How does breathing come about?

A

it involves an alternate increase and decrease in thoracic volume via movements of the thoracic wall

62
Q

What are the 3 planes of movement of the thoracic wall?

A
  1. vertical
  2. antero-posterior
  3. transverse
  4. all 3
63
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

It closes off the thoracic outlet and separates the thorax from the abdomen

64
Q

What is the diaphragm comprised of?

A

Radial muscle fibres inserted into a central tendon

65
Q

Why does the diaphragm contain apertures?

A

To allow the passage of vessels, nerves and the oesophagus to and from the abdomen

66
Q

How does the diaphragm change during respiration?

A

Inspiration - it contracts and flattens

expiration - it relaxes and becomes dome-shaped

67
Q

How do the ribs move on inspiration?

A

superiorly and laterally

68
Q

How is the diaphragm innervated?

A

By the phrenic nerve (left or right)

It originates in the neck at cervical level 3, 4 and5

C3, C4 and C5 will converge to form the phrenic nerve

69
Q

Where are intercostal muscles found and how are they arranged?

A

Found within each intercostal space

There are 3 layers:

external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

70
Q

How do intercostal muscles get their blood supply and nervous input?

A

The intercostal bundle is a neurovascular bundle between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

71
Q

What structures are found in the intercostal bundle and in what order?

A

Intercostal vein is superior

Intercostal artery

Intercostal nerve is inferior

72
Q

How does the sternum and the rib cage move during inspiration?

A

Sternum moves anterior and superior

Ribcage moves laterally and superiorly

73
Q

What are pleura?

A

A pair of serous membranes lining the inside of the thoracic cavity and enveloping the lungs

74
Q

What are the 2 different types of pleura?

A

The visceral pleura covers the lungs

The parietal pleura covers the thoracic cavity

75
Q

What is the purpose of the pleura?

A

They are an attachment from the lungs to the thoracic cage

76
Q

How does the lung develop into the pleura?

A

The lung develops into the pleura and this is continuous with the layer of pleura connecting to the rib and lining the inside of the thoracic cage

77
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

A space between the two layers of pleura that contains a thin film of pleural fluid

78
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A

It helps to stick the lung to the parietal pleura by surface tension to aid inspiration

79
Q

How do the pleura aid inspiration?

A

During inspiration, the parietal pleura moves

The pleural fluid sticks the 2 pleura together so this leads to movement of the visceral pleura and movement of the lungs

80
Q

How is the parietal pleura divided?

A

cervical pleura

costal pleura

diaphragmatic pleura

mediastinal pleura

81
Q

How is the parietal pleura innervated?

A

Diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura are innervated by the phrenic nerve

Cervical and costal pleura and innervated by the intercostal nerves

BS - Respiratory System (20 decks)

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