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Final Exam > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of the respiratory system

A
  • provide a large surface area for gas exchange between the atmosphere and the bloodstream
  • move the air to and from the exchange surface
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2
Q

secondary functions of the respiratory system

A
  • the production of sound

- facilitation of the sense of smell

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3
Q

two areas of the respiratory tract

A
  • upper respiratory tract

- lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx; exposed to everything

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5
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

the larynx, the trachea, and the lungs; only exposed to air, more delicate as it contains a huge amount of membrane surface within the lungs

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6
Q

infections

A

upper respiratory not too concerning, lower can be a greater cause for concern

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7
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

the respiratory tract is lined with a moist respiratory mucosa; this moistens the air and provides protection, which includes three layers: stratified squamous epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, and simple squamous epithelium

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8
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

found in areas of the upper respiratory tract; designed to resist abrasion as food and liquids pass by

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9
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

found in parts of the nasal cavity and most of the lower respiratory tract; designed to catch small particles that come in with the air. particles get stuck on the mucus of the cilia, and the cilia all wave to push the particle/mucous out of the respiratory tract

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10
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

lines the delicate alveolar surface

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11
Q

nose and nasal cavity

A

designed to “clean and process” the air before it reaches the delicate surfaces of the inner lungs

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12
Q

structures of the nose and nasal cavity

A

-external nares - opening to the outside
-internal nares - opening to the pharynx
-olfactory epithelium - sense of smell
-palate - hard in the front, soft in the back
nasal conchae - scroll-shaped projections that fill most of the nasal cavity

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13
Q

primary functions of the nasal cavity

A

warm the air, moisten the air, filter the air

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14
Q

pharynx

A

simple passageway that connects from the nasal cavity to the beginning of the trachea (the larynx); also connects the oral cavity to the esophagus. it is a common passageway for both the respiratory system and the digestive system (commonly called the throat)

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15
Q

larynx

A

acts as a “gatekeeper” allowing air to pass into the trachea, but preventing food and fluid from entering the trachea.

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16
Q

epiglottis

A

it normally sticks up, but when swallowing occurs, it is pushed down to cover the opening into the trachea

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17
Q

trachea

A

“windpipe” a relatively rigid tube that runs down the neck into the lungs; it’s function is to conduct air to the lungs

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18
Q

lungs

A

consist of the following components: bronchial tree, alveoli, capillary network, elastic connective tissue

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19
Q

bronchial tree

A

a series of branching air passageways, become smaller and more numerous with each branch; some bronchial branches have specific names

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20
Q

primary bronchi

A

the first branches, right and left, from the trachea

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21
Q

secondary bronchi

A

the next set of branches, which go to individual lung lobes

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22
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

the next set of branches, going to specific segments with lobes

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23
Q

bronchioles

A

the smallest, microscopic branches which lead to the alveoli

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24
Q

alveoli

A

microscopically small chambers where gas exchange occurs

25
Q

capillary network

A

surrounding all of the alveoli; exchange gases with the bloodstreams

26
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

allows the lungs to expand and recoil during breathing

27
Q

receptors

A

found in the wall of the bronchioles, respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine; if stimulated, will inhibit muscle cell contraction which causes air passageways to dilate, which allows easier flow

28
Q

albuterol

A

a chemical that binds to the very same receptors (mimicking epinephrine); inhalation will result in a very rapid dilation of the respiratory passageways, which can be important if a patient is having an allergic asthma attack, an exercise-induced asthma attack, or a COPD attack

29
Q

gas exchange

A

all exchange occurs at the interface between the alveoli and the blood capillaries

30
Q

alveolus

A

very small; simple squamous epithelium

31
Q

diffusion

A

the key principle in action at the alveolar/capillary interface

32
Q

breathing

A

a mechanical action that centers around changing the volume of the thoracic cavity; gases will always move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

33
Q

inspiration

A

process of moving air into the lungs; key muscles are diaphragm and certain rib muscles

34
Q

diaphragm

A

the most important muscle for inspiration; located at the bottom of the thoracic cavity

35
Q

certain rib muscles

A

aligned in such a way that they pull the ribs up and away, creating greater thoracic volume

36
Q

expiration

A

process of moving air out of the lungs; a passive process

37
Q

forced expiration

A

certain rib muscles and abdominal wall muscles help with this process

38
Q

gas exchange

A

the law of diffusion governs the movement of each gas; oxygen will move from the higher concentration in the alveoli to the lower concentration in the blood

39
Q

partial pressures

A

a system that allows us to compare how much of a gas is present in the air (a mixture of gases) and how much is present as a dissolved gas in liquid (the bloodstream)

40
Q

total pressure of atmosphere = 760 mm Hg

A
  • Nitrogen = 75%
  • Oxygen = 14%
  • Carbon Dioxide = 5%
  • Water Vapor = 6%
41
Q

P O2 = Partial Pressure O2

A

14% of 760 mm Hg = 104 mm Hg

42
Q

P CO2 = Partial Pressure CO2

A

5% of 760 mm Hg = 40 mm Hg

43
Q

P O2 in lung capillary (just arriving at interface)

A

40 mm Hg

44
Q

P CO2 in lung capillary (just arriving at interface)

A

45 mm Hg

45
Q

tissue capillaries

A

blood coming into the tissue capillaries will have lots of oxygen and lower levels of carbon dioxide; the tissue fluids will have relatively low concentrations of oxygen (the cells have been using it) and relatively high concentrations of carbon dioxide

46
Q

oxygen

A

the vast majority of oxygen is carried in the bloodstream by hemoglobin; no less than 97% of oxygen in bound to hemoglobin molecules while in the bloodstream; the remaining 3% of the oxygen is transported as a dissolved gas in the plasma

47
Q

carbon dioxide

A

also dissolves in the blood plasma fluid; 8% of the carbon dioxide is carried as a dissolved gas

48
Q

hemoglobin molecules

A

also have the ability to carry some carbon dioxide; about 20% is carried this way

49
Q

CO2 + H20 –> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

A

first, carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid; carbonic acid is much more soluble in water, so a very large quantity can be carried in the bloodstream

50
Q

H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

A

mass quantities of the bicarbonate ion are carried through the bloodstream all the time; once it gets to the lungs, the reactions are reversed and carbon dioxide is released; responsible for moving 72% of all carbon dioxide through the bloodstream

51
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

an enzyme made to speed up the process

52
Q

brain stem respiratory centers

A

controls the rate and depth of breathing; clusters of cells within the brain stem

53
Q

respiratory centers receive sensory input from a variety of sources

A
  • carbon dioxide levels in the blood
  • blood pH
  • sympathetic and/or parasympathetic stimulation
  • emotional state
  • hormones
  • oxygen levels in the blood
54
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

particularly a problem for premature infants; they don’t yet have surfactant which reduces water tension and would otherwise cause the moist walls to stick together after expiration

55
Q

asthma

A

caused by an obstruction of air flow through the bronchioles; most commonly a result of:

  • excessive mucus secretion
  • inflammation
  • smooth muscle spasms in the walls of the bronchioles
56
Q

histamines

A

will contribute to asthma; they stimulate the constriction of the air passageways; they are released in response to pollen or similar substances, to minimize the number of particles that get deep into the lungs

57
Q

emphysema

A

common and deadly respiratory disorder; lung tissue is destroyed, creating fewer and larger alveoli, limiting surface area for gas exchange. it makes the air harder to get out

58
Q

COPD

A

caused by emphysema and severe chronic bronchitis; inadequate gas exchange and developed high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

59
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

a result of the accumulation of fibrous connective tissue in the lungs; most often caused by small particles that irritate the delicate bronchioles and alveoli. asbestos fibers in the air can potentially create this problem; coal dust is notorious for causing this disease “black lung”

Final Exam (6 decks)

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