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Final Exam > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

the digestive tract

A

a long tube that starts from the mouth and ends with the anus; represents the portion of the system that is directly in contact with the food. ex. stomach, small intestine

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2
Q

the accessory organs

A

various structures that support the digestive system operations (making enzymes, etc) but don’t come in direct contact with the food. ex. liver, pancreas

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3
Q

ingestion

A

putting the food into the mouth, biting it off, getting it all started; also includes finding it and preparing it

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4
Q

mechanical processing

A

the process of physically breaking the food apart and mixing it with water; happens in the mouth and teeth play a big role, chewing is important

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5
Q

secretion

A

this involves the production of juices that mix with the food; the juices include water, enzymes, and other substances

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6
Q

chemical digestion

A

the actual process of breaking apart chemical bonds so that larger food molecules are reduced to their basic components; critical in digestion and requires enzymes to happen at a reasonable speed

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7
Q

absorption

A

involves absorbing the nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream; it is a complicated process

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8
Q

excretion

A

the final step in the process is to get rid of the undigested wastes such as fiber

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9
Q

digestive tract histology

A

there are four primary layers

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10
Q

serosa

A

the outermost covering of the tract; a serious membrane designed to be a strong outer protective layer; primarily made of strong connective tissue

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11
Q

muscularis externa

A

the second layer; composed of a smooth muscle tissue. important in moving food

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12
Q

submucosa

A

the third layer; it supports the activities of the mucosa; has a lot of blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerve endings, glands, and connective tissue to tie it all together

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13
Q

mucosa

A

the innermost layer of the tract; has a characteristic mucus membrane along the inner border that comes in contact with the food itself. the mucus membrane has an epithelial surface

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14
Q

peristalsis

A

wave-like contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the digestive tract that move food in the appropriate direction

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15
Q

oral cavity

A

lips, tongue, cheeks, palate, and salivary glands; mechanical processing (mastication) and the moistening of food; a small amount of chemical digestion does begin in the oral cavity but is minimal

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16
Q

tongue

A

an assemblage of muscles anchored to the mandible and hyoid bones; primary function is manipulating food, tasting, and to help swallow

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17
Q

salivary glands

A

produce as much as 1-1.5 liters of saliva daily; functions include: moisten the food, facilitate taste, wash and sterilize, and begin chemical digestion

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18
Q

pharynx and esophagus

A

transport food directly to the stomach; primary epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

stomach

A

a storage place for food, finish mechanical processing, partial chemical digestion, and assists the immune system; very muscular; expands and deflates depending on how much food is in it

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20
Q

rugae

A

folds in the stomach

21
Q

stomach epithelial lining

A

simple columnar epithelium with small pits

22
Q

components of gastric juices

A

hydrochloric acid - creates low pH of 2.0 to 1.0, helps break apart food and triggers the activity of the next item

23
Q

components of gastric juices

A

pepsinogen - inactive form of an enzyme, when in low pH will change to pepsin which is a powerful protein-digesting enzyme

24
Q

components of gastric juices

A

intrinsic factor - binds with vitamin B12 making it more readily absorbed in the intestine; without it, much of the vitamin B12 in our diet would not be absorbed leading to vitamin deficiency

25
Q

components of gastric juices

A

also secrete a thick coating of mucus that covers and protects the stomach lining

26
Q

cephalic phase

A

autonomic stimulation will cause the gastric pits to start releasing some gastric juices to prepare for the arrival of food

27
Q

gastric phase

A

when the stomach wall is stretched, the gastric pits will be greatly stimulated to release even more gastric juices; the wall will be stretched when food fills the stomach; this phase creates the greatest volume of gastric juices

28
Q

intestinal phase

A

the “shut down” signal; when the food leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum, sensory cells in the duodenum monitor the pH and if it gets too low, that indicated the stomach is running out of food, leaving nothing but undiluted acid. the sensory cells trigger an autonomic response that will shut down the production of gastric juices

29
Q

small intestine

A

chemical digestion will be completed here and a vast majority of nutrients are absorbed (90%)

30
Q

segments of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum: the first, relatively short segment, leaving the stomach
  • jejunum - the middle segment
  • ileum - the last segment, joining the large intestines at the end
31
Q

characteristics of the small intestine

A

very long (20 feet); has circular folds called plicae which are covered with small, fingerlike projections called villi; each individual cell on the surface of the villi have extensions of the cell membrane called microvilli

32
Q

digestive enzymes

A
  • sucrase: catalyzes the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose
  • amylase: catalyzes the breakdown of carbohydrates
33
Q

mucosa layer of the small intestine

A

lined with simple columnar epithelium

34
Q

active transport

A

how most nutrients move through the cell membranes

35
Q

large intestine

A

shorter than the small intestine but larger in diameter; functions include reabsorption of water, absorption of some ions, and absorption of some vitamins; five feet in length

36
Q

segments of large intestine

A

appendix, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, and anus

37
Q

salivary glands

A

secrete saliva, and important first step in the processing of food

38
Q

liver

A

largest internal organ; multitude of critical functions in the body;

39
Q

functions of the liver

A

manufactures most of the plasma proteins found in the bloodstream; helps regulate glucose levels in the bloodstream; secretes bile

40
Q

liver bile

A

secreted into ducts that ultimately dump the bile into the duodenum; it neutralizes stomach acid; aids in the digestion of fat; carries certain waste products which are eventually secreted in the feces; detoxify and remove many harmful compounds such as alcohol, ammonia, and urea; stores certain substances such as iron, various vitamins, and glucose

41
Q

the hepatic portal system

A

it sends all of the blood from the digestive system to the liver first, giving the liver the opportunity to temper the impact of newly absorbed nutrients; it can store some of the glucose surge; it can try to remove potential toxins

42
Q

the hepatic portal system

A

a set of blood vessels that carry the blood from the digestive organs to the liver; blood travels from one capillary bed (in the digestive system) to a second capillary bed (in the liver) before returning to the heart

43
Q

liver cirrhosis

A

chronic alcohol exposure, or certain infections, can cause extensive liver cell death. the cells are replaced by scar tissue. as the disease progresses, a greater workload is put on the remaining living cells, so they start to die as well. the buildup of scar tissue impedes normal circulation through the liver and fluids start to back up

44
Q

gall bladder

A

a storage site for liver bile; a small sac nestled amidst the lobes of the liver

45
Q

hepatic ducts

A

the liver lobes are perpetually producing bile, which is carried toward the gall bladder by the hepatic ducts; it is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder when it is not needed. during a meal, sphincters open and the bile will travel through the common bile duct to be excreted into the duodenum

46
Q

pancreas

A

the majority of the pancreas is composed of acinar cells, they have one function - to make a large number of powerful digestive enzymes

47
Q

pancreatic duct

A

the digestive enzymes are produced in large quantities and enter the duodenum through the duct

48
Q

ribonuclease

A

an enzyme that break down RNA into the nucleic acid subunits

Final Exam (6 decks)

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