The Respiratory System

Question 1

primary function

Answer 1

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 2

air passes and their functions

Answer 2

• nose (nasal cavities) - warming, humidifying, purifying the air
• trachea - bronchi (left/right) - bronchioles (23 generations) - alveoli - gas exchange

Question 3

inspiration muscles

Answer 3

contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to expansion of the thorax and lowering air pressure in the lungs; therefore the air moves to the lungs.

Question 4

muscles involved in the inspiration during the exercise

Answer 4

scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and minor

Question 5

expiration muscles at rest

Answer 5

neither involved; diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax resulting in increased pressure in the lungs and exhalation of air.

Question 6

expiration muscle at exercise

Answer 6

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal are involved to facilitate movement of air in and out of the lungs.

Question 7

spirometry

Answer 7

method used in clinical/research settings to examine a static lung volume; breathing through the spirometer

Question 8

site of the gas exchange

Answer 8

capillaries covering alveolus

Question 9

capillary

Answer 9

the smallest unit of blood vessels in the body

Question 10

diffusion is

Answer 10

the movement of gas (oxygen or carbon dioxide) across a cell membrane

Question 11

a condition required for the diffusion to occur

Answer 11

concentration gradient - greater concentration of a gas on one side of the membrane

Question 12

pressure gradient (partial pressure) of oxygen and CO2 in tissues and arterial blood

Answer 12

• in the inspired air O2 = 159mmHg;
• O2= 100mmHg when reached alveoli (due to humidifying of the air in the respiratory tract)
• in the venous blood: O2 = 40mmHg and Co2 = 46mmHg
  == the gas exchange in alveoli occurs
• in the artery blood O2 = 100mmHg - deoxygenated tissue- gas exchange - venous blood - back to the alveoli- ga exchnage

Question 13

oxygen uptake vO2=O2 consumption

Answer 13

the amount of O2 used by the tissue of the body

Question 14

the term O2 consumption is used when …

Answer 14

O2 is directly measured

Question 15

vO2 in exercise physiology is measured

Answer 15

at the mouth with a metabolic cart.

Question 16

vO2 indicates the ability of the …

Answer 16

heart and circulatory system to transport O2 via blood to the tissue and the ability of the tissues to extract O2.

Question 17

the Fick equation is

Answer 17

the formula representing vO2
vO2= Q x a -vO2
vO2=(HR x SV) x a-vO2
vO2= (HR) x (EDV-ESV) x a-vO2

Question 18

a-vO2 is

Answer 18

arterial O2 content minus the venous O2 content in ml O2/100ml of blood;
= amount of O2 extracted from the transported blood for use in exercise.

Question 19

a-vO2 in relation to the exercise intensity

Answer 19

increase as increase the intensity

Question 20

vO2 term

Answer 20

1) mlO2/min
2)can be expressed relative to the body mass:
mlO2/min/ xxkg = ml . kg .-1 . min-1

Question 21

vO2max (max O2 uptake)

Answer 21

the highest amount of O2 that can be used as the cellular level for the entire body

Question 22

vO2max correlate with the degree of

Answer 22

physical conditioning and is a measure of cardio respiratory fitness

Question 23

resting vO2=

Answer 23

3.5ml.kg-1.min-1

Question 24

vO2max in the elite endurance athletes=

Answer 24

80ml.kg-1.min-1